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'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Greek statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''Symposium''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]].  <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>

Even as a young boy, he was very strong-willed. And perhaps as he had no father and mother to restrain his noble boyish inclinations, he was sometimes led by his own tenacity and courage into great danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the street where he and his playmates were playing knucklebones (jacks), he called to the man to stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades, however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings, and dared the driver to come on. The man was so amused by the little fellow’s pluck, that he actually turned around and drove through another street. <ref Name="The story of the Greeks" />

{{Quotation|{{cquote|While yet a child, he was playing at knucklebones with other boys in a narrow street, and when his turn came to throw, a loaded waggon was passing. He at first ordered the driver to stop his team because his throw was to take place directly in the path of the waggon. Then as the boor who was driving would not stop, the other children made way; but Alkibiades flung himself down on his face directly in front of the horses, and bade him drive on at his peril. The man, in alarm, now stopped his horses, and the others were terrified and ran up to him.}} - Plutarch's Life of Alkibiades (II-IV)}}


[[File:(USA) 1896 Alcibiades dared the driver to come on (The story of the Greeks p160) 801x499.jpg|thumb|upright=2| Alcibiades dared the driver to come on / unknown artist – Engraving <ref Name="The story of the Greeks">''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm#LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL The story of the Greeks]'' / Hélène Adeline Guerber, p. 160. – 1896. </ref>]]
The historic Alcibiades was (at least):
:— an orphan, always looking for love;
:— a really beautiful, clever and charming boy;
:— a “headstrong” child—able to lie down in front of a moving wagon to force the driver to stop it;
:— a young adolescent who left his house to go and openly live with his lover ([[erastes]]);
:— Socrates's pupil and [[young friend]];
:— later, an important character of Plato's ''Symposium'' and other dialogs;

===A boy and his dog===
[[File:CASTAIGNE André 1890 Athens 740x1149.jpg|thumb|''Athens'' / André Castaigne. – 1890. – Engraving. ]]

One of the attributes of Alcibiades is that he is often depicted in painting with his dog. Of the dog, Plutarch reported the following: 

{{cquote|Possessing a dog of wonderful size and beauty, which had cost him seventy minas, he had its tail cut off, and a beautiful tail it was, too. His comrades chid him for this, and declared that everybody was furious about the dog and abusive of its owner. But Alcibiades burst out laughing and said: "That's just what I want; I want Athens to talk about this, that it may say nothing worse about me." <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html Plutarch, The Parallel Lives  The Life of Alcibiades p23]</ref> }}
{{clr}}

==Alcibiades the Schoolboy (Book)==

''Alcibiades the Schoolboy'' (''L'Alcibiades, fanciullo a scola'') by Antonio Rocco writen in the 17th century is a fictional dialogue in which Socrates portrays the excellence of sexual love between master and (male) disciple. Wikipedia says: "It is a tour de force of pederastic fantasy and one of the frankest and most explicit texts on the subject to have been written before the twentieth century. It has been called "the first homosexual novel". <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_the_Schoolboy Alcibiades the Schoolboy (Wikipedia)]</ref>

===Review===

By Edmund Marlowe <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Alcibiades-Schoolboy-Antonio-Rawnsley-translator/product-reviews/9080085758 This review is from: Alcibiades the Schoolboy (Paperback) (amazon.com)]</ref> <ref>[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Alexander%27s_Choice Edmund Marlowe's ''Alexander's Choice'']</ref> 


First published in 1651 and meant at one level as a lively carnival booklet, this is, both at heart and on the surface, a well-reasoned polemic in favour of pederasty. The eponymous Athenian boy is presumably intended to be the famous Athenian general well-known for the amorous attentions he excited in his boyhood, but the book is a philosophical dialogue rather than a story about real people: Alcibiades's schoolmaster Philotimes is dying to consummate his love for his pupil and has to overcome with reason the full array of early modern arguments against sodomy raised by the initially reluctant boy, until the latter is finally eager to accept him.
[[File:ECKERSBERG Christoffer Wilhelm 1815c Sokrates og Alkibiades 1611x2213.jpg|thumb| Socrates and Alcibiades / Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg. – 1813-1816. – Oil on canvas]]

There was a profound contradiction over pederasty in early modern Italy. On one hand, the authorities followed the church in denouncing and fiercely persecuting all sodomy. On the other hand, recent research such as Rocke's statistical study of Florentine court records in his Forbidden Friendships has proven the reports of contemporary writers that most men were involved with boys, and reinforced their implication that attraction to both women and boys was taken for granted (whether or not acted on).

Rocco was the most important of a tiny number of writers who dared counter the various arguments of God, law and nature which were supposed to justify this persecution. Those of God and the law are shown to be irrational inventions and nature is shown to favour the love of men and boys and its consummation. Rocco, or rather Philotimes, then proceeds to show how both these things are superior to the alternatives.

Lest it be supposed to be a sombre treatise, the fun should be explained too. Mostly, I think it comes from the sheer joie de vivre underlying the dialogue. There is plenty of satire ranging from the unphilosophical over-excitement of the supposed philosopher to the outrageous excess of some of his arguments. Also, the most serious arguments are so peppered with luscious descriptions of the boy's physical charms and frank sexual description as to be highly erotic. In this it offers a valuable lesson to modern writers on sexual matters whose dour vocabulary tends to be at odds with the joy which should be at the heart of their subject.

Considering all the old arguments against homosexuality have largely been abandoned in modern Europe, it is ironic that the only beneficiaries have been men loving men, described by Philotimes as "mere beasts" for their goatish tastes. Rocco's own book remains nearly as forbidden as ever, this the only English translation published having become virtually unobtainable within a few years and the form of love it upholds newly persecuted with an intensity the mediaeval inquisition could only have dreamed of managing. Today a new Rocco is badly needed, for despite doing his best to answer all, Philotimes was unable to anticipate a day when the adolescent consent to sex he fought so hard and well to obtain would be held in contempt. Nor could he foresee the perversity of an age which would see the sexual abuse of boys, which he fiercely denounced himself, as a justification for terrorising men and boys genuinely in love.

An excellent "Afterword" shedding light on the book by D. H. Mader overstates an important point: he claims it is early evidence of the modern homosexual identity explained by Foucault as having emerged in the late 19th century. Dialogues devoted to explaining why loving boys is better than loving women go back to antiquity, and are surely far removed from claiming an identity based on an immutable orientation. Philotimes explains his preference for boys as based on reason and experience; his arguments would have had to be quite different if he thought he had no choice about it.

==References==
{{Mediaboywiki|title=''Alcibiades''|Category:Alkibiadēs}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alcibiades_the_Schoolboy Alcibiades the Schoolboy (williamapercy.com)]

[[Category:Ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Boys]]