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<h1>Pro-pedophile activism: Wikis</h1>
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<table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="background:#488AC7;"><strong><a href="/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></strong></th>
</tr>

<tr>
<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Social Issues</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Rights</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation
(interracial relations)</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex
marriage</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of
consent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public
morality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Specific Offences</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><small><em>May vary according to <a href="/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></em></small></td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Laws_regarding_incest" title="Laws regarding incest">Incest</a></td>
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<td><a href="/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual
intercourse</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Buggery" title="Buggery">Buggery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Zoosexuality_and_the_law" title="Zoosexuality and the law">Zoophilia</a></td>
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<td><a href="/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of
HIV</a></td>
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<td><a href="/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Female_Genital_Cutting" title="Female Genital Cutting" class="mw-redirect">Female Genital Cutting</a></td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual
harassment</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Public_indecency" title="Public indecency">Public
indecency</a></td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Extreme_pornography" title="Extreme pornography">Extreme pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child
pornography</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual
assault</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
(<a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a>)</td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child
grooming</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Prostitution_of_children" title="Prostitution of children">Prostitution of children</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Prostitution</a> and <a href="/Pimping" title="Pimping" class="mw-redirect">Pimping</a></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Portals: <a href="/Portal:Sexuality" title="Portal:Sexuality">Sexuality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Portal:Criminal_justice" title="Portal:Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></th>
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<p><strong>Age of consent reform</strong> refers to efforts to
change <a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of
consent</a> laws, whether to raise or lower or abolish the age of
consent, or to change the ways in which the laws are applied. These
efforts vary greatly in intensity and popularity, and have
manifested in a variety of forms, such as legislation for
close-in-age exemptions to age of consent laws, advocacy to change
the way age of consent laws are examined in court, to lower or
increase the age limits, and increase or reduce related penalties.
Some organized efforts have occurred ranging from academic
discussions to political petitions and <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> advocacy
groups.</p>

<table id="wikipedia_toc" class="toc">
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<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>

<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Close-in-age_exemptions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>
<span class="toctext">Close-in-age exemptions</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Initiatives to
raise ages of consent</span></a> 

<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Kerala.2C_India"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kerala, India</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Georgia.2C_USA"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Georgia,
USA</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Initiatives to
lower or abolish ages of consent</span></a> 

<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pedophile_advocacy_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pedophile
advocacy groups</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Netherlands</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commentators"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Commentators</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See
also</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Close_in_age_exemptions">Close-in-age exemptions</span></h2>

<p>A number of jurisdictions have adopted close-in-age exemptions
in recent decades. These are frequently called <em>Romeo and Juliet
exemptions</em>. These exemptions to age of consent laws take
account of varying circumstances such as sex between a minor under
the age of consent and a much older adult, a minor under the age of
consent and a person of the same age or older by only a small
amount, whether or not under the age of consent, or a minor under
the age of consent and another minor under the age of consent.</p>

<p>In a typical jurisdiction with close-in-age exemptions, sexual
intercourse between (for example) a 14-year-old and a 21-year-old
might be a criminal offence on the latter's part, while sexual
intercourse between (for example) two 14-year-olds would not
constitute a criminal offence by either party. Other jurisdictions
have laws that allow a minor under 17 and a adult over 18 to
consent to sexual intercourse based on age difference, or (for
example) to allow a 3 to 5 years age difference (16-year-old and a
19-year-old or a 15-year-old and a 20-year-old). Some see this as a
means to allow young people to have a normal sexual development
while protecting them from dangerous and violent sexual
predators.</p>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to raise ages
of consent</span></h2>

<p>Examples of legislative initiatives to raise the age of consent
that have been considered or enacted include those in <a href="/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (USA)<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and in
Canada.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Kerala_2C_India">Kerala,
India</span></h3>

<p>In January 2004, a <a href="/Division_bench" title="Division bench">Division bench</a> of the <a href="/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s <a href="/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">High Court</a> in Southern <a href="/India" title="India">India</a> suggested that the age of
consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R.
Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in
which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian
Majority Act, the Contract Act, the <a href="/Juvenile_Justice_Act" title="Juvenile Justice Act">Juvenile Justice Act</a>, the <a href="/Child_Marriage_in_India" title="Child Marriage in India" class="mw-redirect">Child Marriage Restraint Act</a> and the
Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case
of sexual consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Georgia_2C_USA">Georgia,
USA</span></h3>

<p>In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the <a href="/148th_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_Georgia" title="148th General Assembly of the State of Georgia" class="mw-redirect">General Assembly of Georgia</a> (USA) to raise
the age of consent from 16 to 18.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The
proposal is still being analyzed by local politicians.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Canada">Canada</span></h3>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_reform_in_Canada" title="Age of consent reform in Canada">Age of consent reform in
Canada</a></div>

<p>In Canada, the age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 on 1 May
2008 (in 1890 it was raised from 12 to 14).</p>

<p>In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise
the age of consent from 14 to 16, while creating a near-age
exemption for sex between 14-15 year olds and partners up to 5
years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex
between 12-13 year olds and partners up to 2 years older. The
initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already
existing marriages of 14 and 15 year olds, but forbids new
marriages like these in the future.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_ctv_ca_6_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv.ca-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to
lower or abolish ages of consent</span></h2>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Pedophile_advocacy_groups">Pedophile advocacy
groups</span></h3>

<p>During the late 1950s to early 1990s, several <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> membership organizations
advocated lowering or abolishing age of consent laws<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_spiegel_8_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Eichewald4_10_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup>
to legalize <a href="/Sexual_activities" title="Sexual activities" class="mw-redirect">sexual activities</a> involving an adult and a
child (defined as <a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> by all modern
cultures, socially, medically, and legally<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Levesque_11_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levesque-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_UNchildren_12_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNchildren-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>).
As one of their arguments to lower or abolish the age of consent,
members of pedophile advocacy groups promoted their belief that
children are psychologically capable of consenting to sexual
interactions with adults<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_dallam_13_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallam-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup>
(although this opinion is contrary to legal and scientific
consensus <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>), and
they often portrayed themselves as fighting for the right of
children to engage in what the activists consider to be consensual
sex with adults.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Eichewald4_10_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_dallam_13_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallam-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup>
Some activists tried to link their goals with those of the early <a href="/LGBT_social_movements" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT
social movements</a>, but in the course of time those movements
universally rejected this linkage.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins1992_16_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mirkin_17_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirkin-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Heinze_18_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>The age of consent reform efforts of pedophile advocacy groups
such as the <a href="/Danish_Pedophile_Association" title="Danish Pedophile Association">Danish Pedophile
Association</a> and the <a href="/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American
Man/Boy Love Association</a> did not gain any public support<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Eichewald4_10_2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins1992_16_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_stanton_19_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanton-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_hagan_20_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup>
and today those groups that have not dissolved have only minimal
membership and have ceased their activities other than through a
few websites.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Eichewald4_10_3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_hagan_20_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>
Beginning in the 1990s, public focus on and disapproval of
pedophilia resulted in more stringent legislation and stronger
criminal penalties regarding child pornography, child sexual abuse,
and use of the internet to facilitate these offenses.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mattei_23_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Bocij_24_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocij-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Clark_25_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_The_Netherlands">The
Netherlands</span></h3>

<p><em><a href="/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde,_Vrijheid_en_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit" class="mw-redirect">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en
Diversiteit</a></em> (<em>Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom, and
Diversity</em>) is a <a href="/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 2006.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The
party currently has no parliamentary representation and did not
receive enough signatures to partake in the 2006 elections.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>The PNVD seeks to have the legal age-of-consent lowered to 12,
and, in the long run, completely eliminated, except in dependent or
intrafamilial relationships. They also aim to equalize the legal
age where one can perform in pornography with the legal
age-of-consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_platform_28_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>The former Dutch <a href="/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a> also
supported the lowering of the age of consent to 12.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_France">France</span></h3>

<p><strong>1977-1979 petitions</strong></p>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/French_petitions_against_age_of_consent_laws" title="French petitions against age of consent laws">French
petitions against age of consent laws</a></div>

<p>In 1977, while a reform in the French penal code was under
discussion in the parliament, a petition was addressed to the
parliament calling for the abrogation of several articles of the
age-of-consent law and the decriminalization of all consented
relations between adults and <a href="/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> below the age of fifteen.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> In
1978 , the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio <a href="/France_Culture" title="France Culture">France Culture</a> in
the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under
the title <a href="/Sexual_Morality_and_the_Law" title="Sexual Morality and the Law">Sexual Morality and the Law</a>
in a book by <a href="/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. The participants,
including Foucault, play-writer/actor <a href="/Jean_Danet" title="Jean Danet">Jean Danet</a> and novelist/gay activist <a href="/Guy_Hocquenghem" title="Guy Hocquenghem">Guy Hocquenghem</a>
had all signed the petition. Other signers included philosophers <a href="/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
and <a href="/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis
Althusser</a> and the <a href="/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrician</a> and child <a href="/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a> <a href="/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto" title="Françoise Dolto">Françoise
Dolto</a>.</p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_United_Kingdom">United
Kingdom</span></h3>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_manifestations_(UK)" title="Age of consent manifestations (UK)">Age of consent
manifestations (UK)</a></div>

<p>According to sociologist Matthew Waites, in the 1970s, a number
of grass-roots political actions took place in Britain in favor of
lowering the age of consent, that he described as based on claims
of children's rights, gay liberation, or, as a way to avoid
unwanted pregnancies or sexually-transmitted diseases.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_waites_31_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waites-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>In September 1974, the United Kingdom's <em>Sexual Law Reform
Society</em> proposed a system in which the age of consent would be
replaced with what was called an "age of protection" - if not for
all ages below the <a href="/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> (18), then at least for
the ages between 14 and 18, in combination with an age of consent
of 14. People below this "age of protection" (if totally replacing
the age of consent) – or between a lower age of consent and this
age of protection -would be subject "to a context in which the onus
of proof that valid consent existed would lie with the older
partner".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>A similar proposal was recommended in May 1974 by the UK's <a href="/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality" title="Campaign for Homosexual Equality">Campaign for Homosexual
Equality</a> (CHE). CHE's Working Party on Law Reform suggested a
basic age of consent of 16, but 12 "in cases where a defendant
could prove the existence of meaningful consent". <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>The modern Communist Party of Great Britain lists abolition of
age-of-consent laws among its immediate demands, with the added
provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children
from sexual abuse.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>In 1976, the British political pressure group <a href="/Liberty_(pressure_group)" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a>, under their alternate
name <em>National Council for Civil Liberties</em>, published a
report presented to the <a href="/Criminal_Law_Revision_Committee" title="Criminal Law Revision Committee">Criminal Law Revision
Committee</a>, proposing – among other things – "a minimum age of
10 in circumstances where both partners were over 10 but below 14".
Additionally, "where only one partner was in this age bracket, real
proof of consent would be required", and also "an overlap of two
years on either side of 14 was proposed to achieve legal
flexibility, such that 12-16 year olds could legally have sex".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Commentators">Commentators</span></h3>

<p><a href="/John_Caldwell_Holt" title="John Caldwell Holt" class="mw-redirect">John Holt</a> (1923 - 1985), an American
teacher who authored <em>Escape from Childhood – The Needs and
Rights of Children</em>, stated that "all people, including young
people, should have the right to control their own private sex
lives and acts". He considers that "it is not the proper business
of the state or government to pry into such matters". Holt refutes
the concept of child <a href="/Innocence" title="Innocence">innocence</a> and opposes laws on age of consent
as unfair and <a href="/Morality" title="Morality">morally
wrong</a>.</p>

<p><a href="/Judith_Levine" title="Judith Levine">Judith
Levine</a>, an American journalist and author of <em><a href="/Harmful_to_Minors" title="Harmful to Minors">Harmful to
Minors</a>: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex</em>, is
against the legal regulation of children's involvement in sexual
activities.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup>
Levine suggests that, if such laws are to exist, an appropriate
model would be the legal framework that existed in the Netherlands
during the 1990s, now abolished, which required a complaint from a
parent or other authority to pursue a prosecution where 12-15 year
olds were involved.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>British journalist <a href="/Miranda_Sawyer" title="Miranda Sawyer">Miranda Sawyer</a> maintains that the age of
consent should be lowered to 12 in the United Kingdom, arguing that
the criminalization of all sexual activity for ages under 16 is
"laughably unrealistic".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>American academic <a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a> has argued for public
debate and downward revision of the age of consent in the United
States in order to bring American law into accord with those of
other Western nations. Appel has written that "whether the age of
consent should be 16 or 15, or even a year younger, is a complex
question that our society needs to address. Keeping the age of
consent at 18, as do twelve [American] states, is no more
reasonable that setting it at 10."<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_See_also">See also</span></h2>

<ul>
<li><a href="/1891_Age_of_Consent_Act" title="1891 Age of Consent Act">1891 Age of Consent Act</a></li>
</ul>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_References">References</span></h2>

<ol class="references">
<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">hb722.html</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200691,00.html?sPage=specialsections.foxnews/lawcenter" class="external text" rel="nofollow">FOXNews.com - Canada's
Conservatives Seek to Raise Age of Consent to 16 - International
News | News of the World | Middle East News | Europe News</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060622/age_consent_060622/20060622?hub=CTVNewsAt11" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Mixed reviews to
Tories' sexual consent bill</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.asiansexgazette.com/asg/south_asia/southasia03news67.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Asian Sex Gazette - Kerala,
Raise age-limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 -
South Asia</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong>
The House Bill #722 was presented by Representatives Forster (3rd
District), Rice (51st District), Cooper (41st District), Randall
(138th) and Walker (107th), among others. See <a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_ctv_ca_6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-ctv.ca_6-0">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Age of Consent
FAQ</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins2006_7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a>
<span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (2006). <em>Decade of
Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties
America</em>. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;120. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-19-517866-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Decade+of+Nightmares%3A+The+End+of+the+Sixties+and+the+Making+of+Eighties+America&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B120&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517866-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_spiegel_8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_8-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Spiegel, Josef (2003). <em>Sexual Abuse of
Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice</em>. Routledge.
pp.&nbsp;5, p9. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
1-56032-403-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Males%3A+The+Sam+Model+of+Theory+and+Practice&amp;rft.aulast=Spiegel&amp;rft.aufirst=Josef&amp;rft.au=Spiegel%2C%26%2332%3BJosef&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B5%2C+p9&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.isbn=1-56032-403-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong>
"The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws," an editorial
from <em>NAMBLA News</em> (1980), reproduced in <em>We Are
Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian
Politics</em>. Ed. by Mark Blasius and Shane Phelan. London:
Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Eichewald4_10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a>
<span class="citation news">Eichewald, Kurt (August 21, 2006). <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"From Their Own Online World,
Pedophiles Extend Their Reach""</a>. <a href="/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=From+Their+Own+Online+World%2C+Pedophiles+Extend+Their+Reach%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.au=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.date=August+21%2C+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F21%2Ftechnology%2F21pedo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Levesque_11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Levesque_11-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Levesque, Roger J. R. (1999). <em>Sexual
Abuse of Children: A Human Rights Perspective</em>. Indiana
University Press. pp.&nbsp;1,5–6,176–180.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Children%3A+A+Human+Rights+Perspective&amp;rft.aulast=Levesque&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Levesque%2C%26%2332%3BRoger+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C5%E2%80%936%2C176%E2%80%93180&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_UNchildren_12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-UNchildren_12-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child"</a>. Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights. 1989<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fcrc.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_dallam_13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
Dallam, S. J. (2002). "Science or Propaganda? An examination of
Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998)". <em>Journal of Child Sexual
Abuse</em>, 9 (3/4), 109-134</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></strong>
<span class="citation book">Finkelhor, David (1993). <em>A
Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse</em>. SAGE. p.&nbsp;26. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0803927495.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+on+Child+Sexual+Abuse&amp;rft.aulast=Finkelhor&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Finkelhor%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B26&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft.isbn=0803927495&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></strong>
<span class="citation book">Kinnear, Karen (2007). <em>Childhood
Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook</em>. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;3. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
1851099050.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Childhood+Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&amp;rft.aulast=Kinnear&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen&amp;rft.au=Kinnear%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.isbn=1851099050&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins1992_16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
<span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (1992). <em>Intimate
Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain</em>. Aldine
Transaction. pp.&nbsp;75. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-202-30436-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Intimate+Enemies%3A+Moral+Panics+in+Contemporary+Great+Britain&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75&amp;rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&amp;rft.isbn=0-202-30436-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mirkin_17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mirkin_17-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Harris Mirkin (1999). "The Pattern of
Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia".
<em>J.Homosex</em> <strong>37</strong> (2).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pattern+of+Sexual+Politics%3A+Feminism%2C+Homosexuality+and+Pedophilia&amp;rft.jtitle=J.Homosex&amp;rft.aulast=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.au=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Heinze_18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Heinze_18-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Heinze, Eric (1995). <em>Sexual Orientation:
A Human Right&nbsp;: An Essay on International Human Rights
Law</em>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.&nbsp;150–1. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-7923-3018-8.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation%3A+A+Human+Right+%3A+An+Essay+on+International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.aulast=Heinze&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.au=Heinze%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B150%E2%80%931&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-7923-3018-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_stanton_19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-stanton_19-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Stanton, Domna C. (1992). <em>Discourses of
Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS</em>. University of Michigan
Press. pp.&nbsp;405. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-472-06513-0.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Sexuality%3A+From+Aristotle+to+AIDS&amp;rft.aulast=Stanton&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Stanton%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B405&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-06513-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_hagan_20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
<span class="citation book">Hagan, Domna C.; Marvin B. Sussman
(1988). <em>Deviance and the family</em>. Haworth Press.
pp.&nbsp;131. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-86656-726-7.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deviance+and+the+family&amp;rft.aulast=Hagan&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Hagan%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.au=Marvin+B.+Sussman&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B131&amp;rft.pub=Haworth+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-86656-726-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong>
<a href="/Benoit_Denizet-Lewis" title="Benoit Denizet-Lewis">Benoit
Denizet-Lewis</a> (2001). "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050325090306/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=27" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Boy Crazy</a>," Boston
Magazine.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Trembaly, Pierre. (2002)
"Social interactions among paedophiles."</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mattei_23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_23-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Mattei, Monique; Ferraro, Eoghan Casey,
Michael McGrath (2004). <em>Investigating Child Exploitation and
Pornography: The Internet, Law and Pornography</em>. Academic
Press. pp.&nbsp;7–8,112–113. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-12-163105-2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Investigating+Child+Exploitation+and+Pornography%3A+The+Internet%2C+Law+and+Pornography&amp;rft.aulast=Mattei&amp;rft.aufirst=Monique&amp;rft.au=Mattei%2C%26%2332%3BMonique&amp;rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Eoghan+Casey%2C+Michael+McGrath&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%938%2C112%E2%80%93113&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-163105-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Bocij_24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Bocij_24-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Bocij, Paul (2004). <em>Cyberstalking:
Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family</em>.
Greenwood Publishing. pp.&nbsp;160–176. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
0-275-98118-5.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cyberstalking%3A+Harassment+in+the+Internet+Age+and+How+to+Protect+Your+Family&amp;rft.aulast=Bocij&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Bocij%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B160%E2%80%93176&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-98118-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Clark_25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_25-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Clark, Mathew D. (2002). <em>Obscenity, Child
Pornography and Indecency</em>. pp.&nbsp;74–76. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
1-59033-396-9.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Obscenity%2C+Child+Pornography+and+Indecency&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathew+D.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C%26%2332%3BMathew+D.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B74%E2%80%9376&amp;rft.isbn=1-59033-396-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://pnvd.nl/main.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit:
Nieuws</a> (official website). "Vandaag, 31 mei, is de partij
officieel opgericht." Accessed 31 May 2006. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></strong>
<span class="citation news"><a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Pedopartij haalt
verkiezingen niet"</a>. <a href="/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a>. 2006-10-10<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pedopartij+haalt+verkiezingen+niet&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006-10-10&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNederlandse+Omroep+Stichting%7CNOS%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nos.nl%2Fnos%2Fartikelen%2F2006%2F10%2Fart000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_platform_28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-platform_28-0">^</a></strong> <a href="http://pnvd.nl/prog_mei_2006.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit 2006
Programma"</a> (2006 platform; official website). Accessed 31 May
2006. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></strong>
Brongersma, Edward (1988). "Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern
in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung ("Age of Consent 12 years?
Dutch legislation on sex with children")", in Leopardi, Angelo: Der
pädosexuelle Komplex ("On the topic of pedosexuality") (in German).
Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 214. ISBN
3-922257-66-6.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></strong>
Foucault, Michel. Politics, Philosophy, Culture –Interviews and
Other Writings 1977-1984. Edited by Lawrence D. Krizman. New York /
London: 1988, Routledge, Pp. 272-273.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_waites_31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-waites_31-0">^</a></strong> Waites, Matthew. The
Age of Consent – Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship (2005), pp
122, 132-133, 220).</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></strong>
WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., p.132).</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></strong>
Sexual Law Reform Society, 1974. Report of the Working Party on the
Law in Relation to Sexual Behaviour. "in" Antony Grey papers, file
2/1, at Hall Carpenter Archive, British Library of Political and
Economic Sciences, London.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></strong>
WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., pp. 132 and 243, Note 6.6)</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_35"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></strong>
Gay News, no. 46, 9 May 1974, p.3 – 'CHE Report angers
reformers'.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></strong>
<a href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/cpgb/prog_demands.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Communist Party of Great
Britain - Draft Programme</a></li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></strong>
Waites, Matthew (2005, p.135-136). The age of consent – Young
people, Sexuality and Citizenship. New York/London: Palgrave
MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2173-4. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></strong>
LEVINE, Judith. Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting
Children from Sex, p. 88. Minneapolis: 2002. University of
Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_39"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></strong>
WAITES, Matthews. The age of consent – Young people, Sexuality and
Citizenship, p. 221. New York: 2005. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN
1-4039-2173-3.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></strong>
LEVINE, Judith (op. cit.), p. 89.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></strong>
SAWYER, Miranda. Newspaper article – 'Sex is not Just for
Grown-Ups', The Observer, 2 November 2003, Review section,
pp.1-2.</li>

<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></strong>
<a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M.
Appel</a>, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/embracing-teenage-sexuali_b_409136.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Embracing Teenage Sexuality:
Let's Rethink the Age of Consent</a>, Jan 1, 2009</li>
</ol>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Further_reading">Further
reading</span></h2>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.comm.umn.edu/Foucault/ppc.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">University of Minnesota –
Dept. of Communications Studies</a> – Detailed summary of the whole
book "Politics, Philosophy, Culture", chapter by chapter, including
a summary in 9 paragraphs of Chapter 16, "<em>Sexual Morality and
the Law</em>".</li>

<li>HOLT, John. <em>Escape from Childhood – The Needs and Rights of
Children</em>. E.P. Dutton &amp; Co., Inc.: New York, 1974; Clarke,
Irwin &amp; Company Ltd., Toronto/Vancouver, 1974. ISBN
0-525-09955-7</li>
</ul>

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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></span></th>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></td>
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pregnancy</a> (<a href="/Teenage_pregnancy_and_sexual_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom">Teenage
pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/Global_incidence_of_teenage_pregnancy" title="Global incidence of teenage pregnancy">Global incidence of
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