View source for Meta-Analysis Prevalence Pedophilia Hebephilia by Filip Schuster

Filip Schuster

Every fifth boy and man is [[Pedophile|pedophilic]] or [[Hebephile|hebephilic]] 
 
 
===Abstract===
 
A meta-analysis of all seven relevant phallometric studies reveals that
22% of normal men show greater or equal sexual arousal to child stimuli
(individuals up to 13 years old) than to adult stimuli. Combined results of
two of these studies reveal male prevalence rates of about 3% for
pedophilia (mostly sexually aroused by prepubescents) and about 16%
for hebephilia (mostly sexually aroused by pubescents). Details of these
studies are described, and implications of the results for sexual science
and society are discussed.

 
===1. Introduction===
 
Pedophiles are defined in this text as individuals who are primarily
sexually aroused by prepubescents (generally 10 years old and younger)
and hebephiles as those mostly sexually aroused by pubescents
(generally 11 to 14 years old). There is no consensus in sexual science
on how to define the words pedophile and hebephile, but in many
phallometric studies (e.g. Freund et al., 1991a; Blanchard et al., 2009)
and in the recent scientific debate leading up to the "Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed." (e.g., Frances et al.,
2011), the words pedophile and hebephile were often defined and used in
this or a similar way. A pedophile or a hebephile who does not act on his
age preference does not transform himself into an ephebophile or
teleiophile. In this text an ephebophile is defined as someone mostly
sexually aroused by 15- to 17-year-olds, and a teleiophile as someone
mostly sexually aroused by adults.
 
While the exact prevalence of pedophilia in the general population is
often discussed in the scientific literature (Seto, 2007), the exact
prevalence of hebephilia is rarely treated as a subject in its own right.
Because of the heavy social stigma attached to pedophilia (Jahnke et al.,
2013), people in surveys often hide their sexual interest in prepubescents
and pubescents. In a recently published study, 99.1% of 305 male
students from Canada claimed to be not even slightly sexually aroused
by pubescents 12 to 14 years old (Dawson et al., 2014). This would
appear to be highly inaccurate since there are many studies showing that
men typically are sexually aroused by pubescents and even by
prepubescents, albeit not as much as by young adults (Malamuth, 1989;
Freund et al., 1970; Quinsey et al., 1975; Crèpault, 1980). In a study
from 1980 cataloging erotic fantasies of men (Crèpault, 1980), 94 adult
men were asked if they experienced various fantasies during intercourse
or while masturbating. Sixty-six percent of men experienced the fantasy
"scene where you initiate a young girl," and this fantasy was the 12th
most common out of 46. Thus, many men find pubescent girls sexually
exciting.
 
Male sexual arousal to prepubescents and pubescents is studied more
reliably by phallometry. In a phallometric study a rubber ring connected
to a computer is placed around the subject’s penis; the subject then
views pictures of naked persons of different ages and sexes, and
changes in the circumference of the erections caused by the different
stimuli are measured. The results are then analyzed (e.g., erections
caused by child stimuli are compared to those caused by adult stimuli). A
meta-analysis of phallometric studies in general shows a high correlation
(r=0.66) between subjective sexual arousal and measured genital arousal
(Chivers, 2010).
 
In some published phallometric studies approximately 20-30% of a
community sample of normal men exhibited sexual arousal to child
stimuli greater than or equal to sexual arousal to adult stimuli (Firestone
et al., 2000; Freund et al., 1991a). The results of these studies have
been used to argue for the removal of pedophilia from the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Green, 2000). But are these
results typical or unusual? And what do these phallometric studies say
about the proportion of men who are pedophiles and hebephiles?
 
 
===2. Method===
 
We completed a literature search in 2013 to find all phallometric studies
that met these criteria:
 
* Male sexual arousal to child stimuli and to adult stimuli (1) was measured;
* Subjects were "normal" men from the community (e.g., colleges, unemployment agencies, military, etc.), and not just "sexual offenders" nor members of any other sexually defined groups that might show atypical sexual arousal patterns; (2)
* At least 10 participants' results were reported; (3)
* The article was published between 1970 and March 2013;
* The article was published in English or German;
* Data were included to determine the proportion of men more or equally sexually aroused by children (up to 13 years) than by adults. (4)
 
Many articles and books about pedophilia, such as Green (2002) and
Norlik (2010), discuss phallometric studies of the sexual arousal in normal
men to child stimuli. By searching these and other publications and by
following the phallometric studies found with an initial search in Google
Scholar, we found approximately 10 phallometric studies of the sexual
arousal in normal men caused by child and adult stimuli. At this stage of
the literature search, we identified all phallometric studies of sexual
arousal in normal men by child and adult stimuli published since 1970.
Some did not include the proportion of men who were more or equally
sexually aroused by children than by adults. In the next step, the
databases PsycInfo and SSCI were used to see which publications cited
these approximately ten studies and which studies these approximately
10 publications themselves cited or described. Newly found studies were
followed in the same way in the two databases. In this way, we found 26
phallometric studies of the sexual arousal of normal men by children and
adults (Barsetti et al., 1998; Chaplin et al., 1995; Earls et al., 1987;
Fedora et al., 1992; Firestone et al., 2000; Frenzel et al., 1989; Freund et
al., 1970; Freund et al., 1972; Freund et al., 1973; Freund, 1989; Freund
et al., 1991a; Freund et al., 1991b; Grossmann et al., 1992; Hall et al.,
1995; Harris et al., 1992; Haywood et al., 1990; Kuban et al., 1999;
Lalumière et al., 1992; Marshall et al., 1986; Marshall et al., 1988;
Quinsey et al., 1975; Renaud et al., 2010; Renaud et al., 2013; Rice et
al., 2012; Seto et al., 2000; Wilson, 1998). 
 
Where possible, we e-mailed the authors of these 26 studies and asked if
they knew of any additional phallometric studies; however, this endeavor
did not produce any additional studies. In March 2014 we found two
additional studies (Abel, 1994; Seto et al., 2001) and checked them via
PsycInfo and SSCI. Of the final 28 studies, seven offered information on
the number or proportion of men more or equally sexually aroused by
children than by adults (Seto et al., 2001; Firestone, 2000; Hall et al.,
1995; Marshall et al., 1986; Fedora et al., 1992; Freund et al., 1991a;
Seto et al., 2000 (5)). 
 
Most of the participants of the seven studies were recruited through
advertisement and employment agencies, and tended to be college
students, unemployed people, or men from the general community. (6)

===3. Results===
 
Table 1 shows details of the seven studies together with the information
about the percentage of men more or equally sexually aroused by
children up to 13 years old than by adults.
 
Table 1: Phallometric studies indicating the proportion of normal men
more or equally sexually aroused by children (up to 13 years old) than
by adults
 
Study 1: Seto et al. (2001): A Brief Screening Scale to Identify Pedophilic
Interests Among Child Molesters - % of men who were more or equally
sexually aroused by children than by adults: 17,0% - Country: Canada -
Number of men: 112 - Mean age of men: 28 years (7) - Kind of Stimuli:
Videoclips with audio-comment - Age of children on Stimuli: 5 to 11 years
- Age of adults on Stimuli: Beginning to mid 20
Study 2: Firestone et al. (2000): Differentiation of Homicidal Child
Molesters, Non-homicidal Child Molesters, and Non-offenders by
Phallometry - % of men who were more or equally sexually aroused by
children than by adults: 27,7% - Country: Canada - Number of men: 47 -
Mean age of men: 33 years - Kind of Stimuli: Audio-stories - Age of
children on Stimuli: No information - Age of adults on Stimuli: No
information 
Study 3: Hall et al. (1995): Sexual Arousal and Arousability to Pedophilic
Stimuli in a Community Sample of Normal Men - % of men who were
more or equally sexually aroused by children than by adults: 29,4% (8) -
Country: USA - Number of men: 80 - Mean age of men: 38 years - Kind
of Stimuli: Photos and audio-stories - Age of children on Stimuli:
Prepubescent girl or announcement "child below 12 years" - Age of adults
on Stimuli: No information 
Study 4: Marshall et al. (1986): Sexual offenders against female children:
Sexual preferences for age of victims and type of behavior - % of men
who were more or equally sexually aroused by children than by adults:
14,3% (9) - Country: Canada - Number of men: 22 - Mean age of men:
34 years - Kind of Stimuli: Photos and audio-stories - Age of children on Stimuli:
Photos: (10) 12, 13 and 14 years - Audio-Stories: Men were asked to
imagine their preferred age (3- to 14- years) or a different age was
chosen - Age of adults on Stimuli: 16 to 24 Years
Study 5: Fedora et al. (1992): Sadism and other paraphilias in normal
controls and nonaggressive sex offenders - % of men who were more or
equally sexually aroused by children than by adults: 18,3% - Country:
Canada - Number of men: 60 - Mean age of men: 31 years - Kind of
Stimuli: Photos - Age of children on Stimuli: "Prepubescent" - Age of
adults on Stimuli: No information 
Study 6: Freund et al. (1991a): Assessment of the sensitivity and
specificity of a phallometric test: An update of "Phallometric diagnosis of
pedophilia - % of men who were more or equally sexually aroused by
children than by adults: 19,4% - Country: Canada - Number of men: 50 -
Mean age of men: 26 years - Kind of Stimuli: Videoclips - Age of children
on Stimuli: 5 to 8 years, 8 to 11 years and Pubescents (probably 12 to 13
years) - Age of adults on Stimuli: No information
Study 7: Seto et al. (2000): The Discriminative Validity of a Phallometric
Test for Pedophilic Interests Among Adolescent Sex Offenders Against
Children - % of men who were more or equally sexually aroused by
children than by adults: 25,0% (11) - Country: Canada - Number of men:
16 - Mean age of men: 20 years - Kind of Stimuli: Videoclips - Age of
children on Stimuli: 5 to 13 years - Age of adults on Stimuli: Mid 20
 
According to the mean value of the seven phallometric studies, 21.6% of
men are more or equally sexually aroused by children up to 13 years old
than by adults. 
 
The mean value of the four studies requiring greater sexual arousal to
child-stimuli than to adult-stimuli to be classified as pedophilic or
hebephilic (Marshall et al., 1986; Fedora et al., 1992; Freund et al.,
1991a; Seto et al., 2000) was lower than that of the three studies
requiring greater or equal sexual arousal (Seto et al., 2001; Firestone et
al., 2000; Hall et al., 1995) (19.3% vs. 24.7%). So by this analysis,
approximately one out of every five men is pedophilic or hebephilic,
while one out of every four is at least as sexually aroused by children up
to 13 years old as by adults.
 
We do not know if men who are strongly sexually aroused by children
are under- or over-represented in these studies (see chapter limitations
below). Philip Tromovitch guesses that pedophilic men often try to avoid
taking part in such studies to hide their sexual arousal pattern (O'Carroll,
2013). If so, there could be many more men in the male population who
are strongly sexually aroused by children. It is also possible that people
with greater sexual arousal by children are over-represented in these
studies because they are more interested in studies about sexuality.
Generally, volunteers in phallometric studies tend to be more sexually
experienced, have more sex partners, experience less sexual shame,
and are sexually more curious (Plaud et al., 1999; Strassberg et al.1995;
Wolchik et al., 1985). Although the samples of the seven studies were
constructed in different ways, the results of all seven studies are in the
range from 14% to 29% (14, 17, 18, 19, 25, 28 and 29%) so the 22%
mean value of the seven studies seems to be roughly correct. 
 
Approximately 40-50% of men in prison because of sexual contacts with
children 14 years or younger are more or equally sexually aroused by
children than by adults (Seto, 2004). Since 22% of normal men are more
or equally sexually aroused by children than by adults, many more –
perhaps totaling 40-50% - are quite strongly sexually aroused by children
up to 13 years. So for a man to feel sexual arousal for children up to 13
years old is not at all unusual.
 
Percentages of pedophiles and hebephiles in the male population
 
Two of the seven studies allow us to roughly estimate the percentage of
pedophiles and hebephiles in the male population. Seto et al. (2000) used
stimuli from the age groups 8-11 (prepubertal), 12-13 (Pubescents), and
mid-20’s. Marshall et al. (1986) used stimuli from the age groups 3-11
(prepubertal), 12-14 (Pubescents), and 16-24. In these two studies the
sexual arousal of a total of 38 normal men was measured. One of the 38
men was mostly aroused by children below 12 years old, six by
pubescents 12 to 13/14 years old, and 31 by adults (Stimuli "mid-20’s" or
"16-24-year-olds"). So according to the combined results, we calculated
prevalences of approximately 3% for pedophilia, 16% for hebephilia, and
82% for ephebophilia/teleiophilia. Table 2 shows the results. In the study
of Seto et al. (2000) as described, no adolescent stimuli were used so it
is possible that one or more of the four men who are declared in table 2
as hebephiles was in reality an ephebophile. 
 
Table 2: Percentages of Pedophiles and Hebephiles in the male
population 
(Seto et al. (2000) and Marshall et al. (1986))
 
Pedophiles: Both studies (n=38): n=1 = 3% - Seto et al., 2000 (n=16):
n=0 = 0% - Marshall et al., 1986 (n=22): n=1 = 5%
Hebephiles: Both studies (n=38): n=6 = 16% - Seto et al., 2000 (n=16):
n=4 = 25% - Marshall et al., 1986 (n=22): n=2 = 9%
Ephebophiles/Teleiophiles: Both studies (n=38): n=31 = 82% - Seto et
al., 2000 (n=16): n=12 = 75% - Marshall et al., 1986 (n=22): n=19 =
86%
 
Another phallometric study of "sexual offenders against children"
(Blanchard et al., 2009) also found a much greater prevalence of
hebephilic than pedophilic response among heterosexual offenders. A
national survey of Finnish adults (Alonko et. al., 2013) found sexual
interest in persons 7-12 years old approximately five times more often
than in persons 0-6 years old, and approximately six times more often in
persons 13-15 years old than in persons 7-12 years old. So it appears
that there are many more hebephilic than pedophilic men. 
 
Most minor-attracted persons say that their age-preference already
existed in their childhood or youth, and they knew about their age-
preference in their childhood or youth (B4U-ACT, 2011). So not only is
approximately one in five men pedophilic or hebephilic, but one in five
boys is pedophilic, pre-pedophilic, hebephilic, or pre-hebephilic. (Pre-
)hebephilic boys will recognize their sexual age-preference later than
(pre-)pedophilic boys. 
 
 
===4. Conclusion===
 
According to existing phallometric studies, approximately one in every
five men is pedophilic or hebephilic. While many might find this
surprising, individuals with sexual interest in children nowadays are
motivated to hide it, and thus the occurrence of pedophilia and hebephilia
appears to be much lower than it actually is. A similar historical
phenomenon is seen regarding homosexuality: around 1860 it was
believed by an expert that approximately one man out of 10,000 was
homosexual (Herzer, 1987). Today we know that the figure is closer to
one man out of 30, and many more are bisexual (Savin-Williams, 2006).
 
 
===5. Limitations===
 
For several reasons, we know neither the exact prevalences nor relative
proportions of men’s sexual arousal to children up to 13 years old and to
adults. The main reasons are:
 
1) All seven phallometric studies described here come from North
America, and six of the seven studies come from Canada. We do not
know if the level of sexual arousal caused by children is the same in
other areas of the world. Since the level of homosexual teleiophilic
arousal appears to be similar worldwide (Diamond, 1993; Kuyper et al.,
2009; LeVay, 1996, p. 63; Seil et al., 1995), it can be surmised that the
level of sexual arousal of men to children and adults is similar worldwide,
too.
 
2) The reliability and validity of the results of phallometric studies have
been criticized (Marshall, 2014; O'Donohue et al., 1992; Hanson et al.,
1998; Kingston et al., 2007; McAnulty et al., 1992; McConaghy, 1989;
McConaghy, 1992; Quinsey et al., 1990). The principal criticism seems
not to matter here because men from the community are free to
participate or not in phallometric studies, and since results of the
measurements do not have consequences for their lives, there is little or
no pressure to fake results. More research is needed to determine the
long-term reliability/stability of phallometric diagnoses of pedophilia
(Fernandez, 2002; Marshall et al., 2000; Marshall, 2014; Müller et al.
2014; Wormith, 1986), especially in men from the community. It seems
there are no studies about these aspects using community samples. 
 
3) The seven studies used different methods to calculate the rates of
pedophilia and hebephilia and different kinds of stimuli. For examples,
five studies used male and female stimuli (Seto et al., 2001; Firestone,
2000; Fedora et al., 1992; Freund et al., 1991a; Seto et al., 2000) but
two studies just used female stimuli (Hall et al., 1995; Marshall et al.,
1986). There seems to be no research on how different methods
influence the measured rates of pedophilia and hebephilia. Such research
is needed, too. 
 
4) As stated above, we do not know if men who were strongly sexually
aroused by children were under- or over-represented in the seven
studies. Future studies should investigate whether people who take part
in these studies show more or less sexual arousal to children than people
who do not. In most of the seven studies men were recruited by
advertisement, and it was not announced that the sexual arousal caused
by children would be measured. So it does not seem likely that
pedophiles or hebephiles were especially drawn to these studies.
Concerning this issue the result of one study is very important: in Hall et
al. (1995), 20% of the subjects said they had at least some sexual
interest in children. This value is typical for many studies of the
prevalence of pedophilia (Ahlers et al., 2011; Briere et al., 1989;
Smiljanich et al., 1996). In the same study, 29% of men were more or
equally sexually aroused by child stimuli then by adult stimuli. This is a
strong indication that the mean value of 22% is not the result of a simple
over-represenation of men who are strongly sexually aroused by
children. 
 
5) Only in September 2014 after writing this article the author learned, by
reading a publication of Marshall (1997), that in the phallometric study of
Marshall et al. (1986) men were screened to exclude any who reported
feeling attracted to children. Still in this study 3 of the 22 men (14 %)
were more sexually aroused by children than by adults. Maybe without
this screening the amount of men more sexually aroused by children
than by adults in this study would have been higher. Judging on the basis
of the results of the other studies it is most likely that in the study of
Marshall et al. (1986) because of the screening one pedophilic or one
hebephilic man was excluded from the measurement. According to all
seven studies including the study of Marshall et al. (1986) 22 % of men
are more or equally sexually aroused by children then by adults,
according to the six studies without the study of Marshall et al. (1986) 23
% of men are more or equally sexually aroused by children than by
adults. So the influence of the study of Marshall et al. (1986) onto the
results of this meta-analysis is small. Because of this and also to make it
possible to roughly estimate the percentages of pedophiles and
hebephiles in the male population with the help of the studies of Seto et
al. (2000) and Marshall et al. (1986), the study of Marshall et al. (1986)
was not removed afterwards. 
 
 
===6. Discussion===
 
The results of this literature study have several implications:
 
1) More research is needed to determine the proportions of men who are
pedophilic, hebephilic, ephebophilic, and teleiophilic. This author is not
aware of a single scientific study that attempts to quantify all of them;
indeed, he cannot find any serious discussion of merely the proportion of
men who are hebephilic. It seems irresponsible to propose to make
hebephilia a mental disorder without first determining this proportion. If
20% of men are hebephilic, does that sexual age-preference realistically
constitute a psychiatric illness? Being diagnosed with the "mental illness”
of hebephilia, no matter how defined, would damage the psychological
well-being of a large portion of the male population. Scientists and
especially psychologists should be aware of the deleterious influence their
work can have.
 
2) Many pedophilic and hebephilic persons have suicidal thoughts
because of their age-preference. Some of them attempt suicide, and still
others accomplish it. These phenomena often occur in the age range 14-
20 years old (B4U-ACT, 2011). A large contributor to this problem may
be that pedophilic and hebephilic boys and men do not talk with others
about their sexual age-preference. More research should be done to find
out what percentage of suicide attempts is related to sexual age-
preference. According to a non-representative study about 13 percent of
minor-attracted-persons attempt suicide during their life because of
problems with their sexual age preference (B4U-ACT, 2011). According to
an estimate of the World Health Organization generally 10 to 20 suicide
attempts lead to one death (World Health Organization, 1999). If every
fifth teenager and man is pedophilic or hebephilic this could mean that in
the next decades worldwide millions of pedophilic and hebephilic
teenagers and men will kill themselves if the stigmatization and
criminalization of pedophilia and hebephilia is not stopped.
 
3) Most lay people know the word pedophilia but do not know the word
hebephilia. Many boys and men who are minor-attracted consider
themselves pedophilic but are actually hebephilic. Hebephilia has never
been a mental disorder nor paraphilia in the "Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders" (Frances et al., 2011). Allen Frances and
Michael B. First, chairmen of the workgroup of the DSM IV, wrote in
2011: "Hebephilia is not a paraphilia, because the sexual arousal pattern
that would define it is not inherently deviant. Normal men have fantasies
and urges in response to pubescent targets...The alleged diagnosis
paraphilia not otherwise specified, hebephilia, arose, not out of
psychiatry, but rather to meet a perceived need in the correctional
system. This solution represents a misuse of the diagnostic system and of
psychiatry." (Frances et al., 2011, p. 84, emphasis added) Boys and men
should be informed in schools and through mass media that:
* to be mostly sexually aroused by pubescents (11-14 years old) is widespread and not considered a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association; 
* important and recognized scientists like Richard Green consider pedophilia, like hebephilia, not to be a mental disorder because pedophilia, like hebephilia, is widespread and is not inherently combined with harm (Green, 2002); and 
* nobody chooses his sexual age-preference and that everybody has the right to be respected and to be loved no matter what sexual age-preference he or she has.
 
4) Since approximately one in five boys and men is pedophilic or
hebephilic, the general stigmatization and criminalization of pedophilia
and hebephilia should be reconsidered in this light. There have been
many children documented to love and desire adults sexually (Rivas,
2013; Kilpatrick, 1992; Rind et al., 2014; Rind, 2013; Rind, 2003). There
is not a single scientific study showing that children only love and desire
children and do not love and desire adults. The love and consensual
sexuality between children and adults are normal and according to many
studies not harmful (Rind et al., 1998). Younger children are not harmed
more than older children because of sexual relationships with adults
(Finkelhor, 1979; Rind et al., 1998). The amount of the age discrepancy
between the sexual partners does not significantly influence the sexual
enjoyment or the positive or negative results of a relationship of a child
with an adult (Kilpatrick, 1992; Rind et al., 2014; Leitenberg et al., 2003).
Of course children should be well and specifically protected (Rivas, 2013),
but pedophilic and hebephilic boys are children, too, and also have a
right to protection. To stigmatize pedophilic or hebephilic boys as
mentally ill and to put them in prison for their love are detrimental to
their mental health. Only unethical sexual behavior should be punished
(Rivas, 2013). One in every five boys and men is pedophilic or
hebephilic, and this new insight deserves a human and compassionate
response from society.

===Footnotes===
 
(1) The study of Quinsey et al. (1988) was not included in the analysis
because the stimuli described only forced sex between children and
adults.

(2) The study of Lang et al. (1988) was not included in the analysis
because the researchers excluded men with a sexual interest in children.

(3) The study of Quinsey et al. (1976) was not included because it had
only five participants, which means that one men had the value of 20
percent which could distort the results of this study.

(4) The age 13 was choosen because in Germany children are defined by
law as people under 14 years old. This definition accords with popular use
of the word children.

(5) It is possible that the 16 men of the study of Seto et al. (2000) were
partly or completely included among the 50 men of the study of Freund
et al. (1991a). Seto e-mailed us on July 15, 2013 to say that without the
data of the study from Freund et al. (1991a) he cannot determine if
there is an overlap.

(6) The relevant passages of the seven studies are: "(...) the majority
were recruited from a local community college." (Seto et al., 2001); "The
comparison group was recruited through an advertisement and paid a
$50 honorarium." (Firestone et al., 2000); "Subjects were recruited via a
newspaper advertisement placed in the sports section of the Sunday
edition of a newspaper in a large city on two occasions. The newspaper
advertisement read as follows: Earn $40 for participation in an
experiment on human sexuality that will require a total of 8 hours on two
consecutive days. Males 18 and older only." (Hall et al., 1995); "Twenty-
two normal controls were recruited from local employment agencies or
from local training programs designed for the chronically unemployed."
(Marshall et al., 1986); "Normal controls consisted of 66 paid males
recruited from among hospital staff and the community at large."
(Fedora et al., 1992); "The (...) group consisted of 50 paid volunteers.
These men were recruited from a government placement office for the
unemployed and from community colleges (...)" (Freund et al., 1991a);
"Non-offender participants were recruited between 1985 and 1990
through advertisements posted around a community college campus and
were paid $15 an hour for their time." (Seto et al., 2000).

(7) 27,6 years is the mean age of the complete control group of the
study consisting of 112 men from the community and 94 "rapists".

(8) 29,4% is the mean value of the arousal through pictures (32,5%) and
audio-stories (26,25%).

(9) In this study three of the 22 men (14,3%) were more or equally
sexually aroused by 12-, 13- and 14-year olds than by adults and one
man (4,5%) who was more or equally sexually aroused by 3- to 11-year
olds than by adults. The first number 14,3% was used here although the
stimuli included 14-year-olds because this value seems to be more
relevant for the main question of this article (sexual aroused by children
up to 13 years old).

(10) In this study the men also saw pictures of children from the age of 3
to 11 years old. The mean value of the arousal caused by these pictures
was compared to the arousal caused by pictures of adults, so this mean
value was not helpful for the research question of this article (sexual
aroused by children up to 13 years old) and was not used here.
(11) In table 2 (Seto et al. (2000) p. 325) it is written that 3 of 16 men
were mostly aroused by 12- to 13-year-old girls and that one man was
mostly aroused by 12- to 13-year-old boys.

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September 23, 2014
 
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