Possession of child pornography: Difference between revisions
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'''Possession of child pornography''' is an offense whose punishment varies by jurisdiction. The U.S. Supreme Court decision ''[[Osborne v. Ohio]]'' authorized its criminalization. | '''Possession of child pornography''' is an offense whose punishment varies by jurisdiction. The U.S. Supreme Court decision ''[[Osborne v. Ohio]]'' authorized its criminalization. | ||
==Barrier crime== | ==History== | ||
In 1990, Congress passed the [[Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act]], making it illegal to knowingly possess child pornography under § 2252(a)(4)(B).<ref>https://lawreview.law.miami.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/v65_i3_sbacon.pdf</ref> | |||
==Theory== | |||
The harms of child pornography possession are said to include [[enabling harms]], [[gateway harms]], [[correlation harms]], [[market-based harms]], [[norm-undermining harms]], and [[perpetuation harms]].<ref name=fsu>https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2593&context=lr</ref> | |||
==Penalties== | |||
===Incarceration=== | |||
Under federal law, any person who, under subsection (a)(5), “knowingly possesses, or knowingly accesses with intent to view” child pornography may be imprisoned for up to ten years with the maximum raised to twenty years in cases involving the depiction of a child under twelve. If the person has a prior sex-abuse-related conviction, he faces a minimum term of ten years’ imprisonment and maximum of twenty years.<ref name=fsu/> | |||
===Barrier crime=== | |||
Child pornography possession is a common barrier crime, meaning that, if it is on one's criminal record, it prevents one from working at an assisted living facility or licensed adult day care center, or other places run by state departments of social services.<ref>http://dhss.alaska.gov/ocs/Documents/BarrierCrimeMatrix.pdf</ref> Usually it is a misdemeanor to falsely deny having a barrier crime on one's record when applying for such jobs.<ref>https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1719</ref><ref>https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1720</ref> | Child pornography possession is a common barrier crime, meaning that, if it is on one's criminal record, it prevents one from working at an assisted living facility or licensed adult day care center, or other places run by state departments of social services.<ref>http://dhss.alaska.gov/ocs/Documents/BarrierCrimeMatrix.pdf</ref> Usually it is a misdemeanor to falsely deny having a barrier crime on one's record when applying for such jobs.<ref>https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1719</ref><ref>https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1720</ref> | ||
==Disenfranchisement== | ===Disenfranchisement=== | ||
In Virginia, child pornography possession is considered a "more serious" offense that requires an application for restoration of civil rights. The offender must be free from any sentence served and/or supervised probation and parole for a minimum of three years in order to apply.<ref>https://commonwealth.virginia.gov/judicial-system/restoration-of-rights/</ref> In [[Alabama]], child pornography possession is punishable by permanent disenfranchisement.<ref>http://www.866ourvote.org/issues/felony-convictions</ref><ref>"Any person who knowingly possesses any obscene matter that contains a visual | In Virginia, child pornography possession is considered a "more serious" offense that requires an application for restoration of civil rights. The offender must be free from any sentence served and/or supervised probation and parole for a minimum of three years in order to apply.<ref>https://commonwealth.virginia.gov/judicial-system/restoration-of-rights/</ref> In [[Alabama]], child pornography possession is punishable by permanent disenfranchisement.<ref>http://www.866ourvote.org/issues/felony-convictions</ref><ref>"Any person who knowingly possesses any obscene matter that contains a visual | ||
depiction of a person under the age of 17 years engaged in any act of sado-masochistic abuse, sexual intercourse, sexual excitement, masturbation, genital nudity, or other sexual conduct shall be guilty of a Class C felony." Code of Alabama § 13A-12-192 http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/Obscenity%20Statutes%206-2010.pdf</ref><ref>http://felonvoting.procon.org/sourcefiles/alabama-pardons-voter-restoration-2012.pdf</ref><ref>"A person who has lost his or her right to vote by reason of conviction in a state or federal court for any of the following will not be eligible to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility to Register to Vote under this section: Impeachment, murder, rape in any degree, sodomy in any degree, sexual abuse in any degree, incest, sexual torture, enticing a child to enter a vehicle for immoral purposes, soliciting a child by computer, production of obscene matter involving a minor, production of obscene matter, parents or guardians permitting children to engage in obscene matter, possession of obscene matter, possession with intent to distribute child pornography, or treason." Code of Alabama § 15-22-36.1</ref> | depiction of a person under the age of 17 years engaged in any act of sado-masochistic abuse, sexual intercourse, sexual excitement, masturbation, genital nudity, or other sexual conduct shall be guilty of a Class C felony." Code of Alabama § 13A-12-192 http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/Obscenity%20Statutes%206-2010.pdf</ref><ref>http://felonvoting.procon.org/sourcefiles/alabama-pardons-voter-restoration-2012.pdf</ref><ref>"A person who has lost his or her right to vote by reason of conviction in a state or federal court for any of the following will not be eligible to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility to Register to Vote under this section: Impeachment, murder, rape in any degree, sodomy in any degree, sexual abuse in any degree, incest, sexual torture, enticing a child to enter a vehicle for immoral purposes, soliciting a child by computer, production of obscene matter involving a minor, production of obscene matter, parents or guardians permitting children to engage in obscene matter, possession of obscene matter, possession with intent to distribute child pornography, or treason." Code of Alabama § 15-22-36.1</ref> | ||
==Foster care and adoption== | ===Foster care and adoption=== | ||
Under {{uscsub|42|671|a|20|A|i}}, approval of the foster or adoptive home may not be granted if the applicant has been convicted of child pornography offenses.<ref>https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/background.pdf</ref> | Under {{uscsub|42|671|a|20|A|i}}, approval of the foster or adoptive home may not be granted if the applicant has been convicted of child pornography offenses.<ref>https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/background.pdf</ref> | ||
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{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Child pornography]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:19, 25 June 2020
Possession of child pornography is an offense whose punishment varies by jurisdiction. The U.S. Supreme Court decision Osborne v. Ohio authorized its criminalization.
History
In 1990, Congress passed the Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act, making it illegal to knowingly possess child pornography under § 2252(a)(4)(B).[1]
Theory
The harms of child pornography possession are said to include enabling harms, gateway harms, correlation harms, market-based harms, norm-undermining harms, and perpetuation harms.[2]
Penalties
Incarceration
Under federal law, any person who, under subsection (a)(5), “knowingly possesses, or knowingly accesses with intent to view” child pornography may be imprisoned for up to ten years with the maximum raised to twenty years in cases involving the depiction of a child under twelve. If the person has a prior sex-abuse-related conviction, he faces a minimum term of ten years’ imprisonment and maximum of twenty years.[2]
Barrier crime
Child pornography possession is a common barrier crime, meaning that, if it is on one's criminal record, it prevents one from working at an assisted living facility or licensed adult day care center, or other places run by state departments of social services.[3] Usually it is a misdemeanor to falsely deny having a barrier crime on one's record when applying for such jobs.[4][5]
Disenfranchisement
In Virginia, child pornography possession is considered a "more serious" offense that requires an application for restoration of civil rights. The offender must be free from any sentence served and/or supervised probation and parole for a minimum of three years in order to apply.[6] In Alabama, child pornography possession is punishable by permanent disenfranchisement.[7][8][9][10]
Foster care and adoption
Under , approval of the foster or adoptive home may not be granted if the applicant has been convicted of child pornography offenses.[11]
References
- ↑ https://lawreview.law.miami.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/v65_i3_sbacon.pdf
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2593&context=lr
- ↑ http://dhss.alaska.gov/ocs/Documents/BarrierCrimeMatrix.pdf
- ↑ https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1719
- ↑ https://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+63.2-1720
- ↑ https://commonwealth.virginia.gov/judicial-system/restoration-of-rights/
- ↑ http://www.866ourvote.org/issues/felony-convictions
- ↑ "Any person who knowingly possesses any obscene matter that contains a visual depiction of a person under the age of 17 years engaged in any act of sado-masochistic abuse, sexual intercourse, sexual excitement, masturbation, genital nudity, or other sexual conduct shall be guilty of a Class C felony." Code of Alabama § 13A-12-192 http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/Obscenity%20Statutes%206-2010.pdf
- ↑ http://felonvoting.procon.org/sourcefiles/alabama-pardons-voter-restoration-2012.pdf
- ↑ "A person who has lost his or her right to vote by reason of conviction in a state or federal court for any of the following will not be eligible to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility to Register to Vote under this section: Impeachment, murder, rape in any degree, sodomy in any degree, sexual abuse in any degree, incest, sexual torture, enticing a child to enter a vehicle for immoral purposes, soliciting a child by computer, production of obscene matter involving a minor, production of obscene matter, parents or guardians permitting children to engage in obscene matter, possession of obscene matter, possession with intent to distribute child pornography, or treason." Code of Alabama § 15-22-36.1
- ↑ https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/background.pdf
