Cognitive distortion (psychology)

The cognitive distortions listed below are categories of automatic thinking, and are to be distinguished from logical fallacies.

• All-or-nothing thinking (or dichotomous reasoning): seeing things in black or white as opposed to shades of gray; thinking in terms of false dilemmas. Splitting involves using terms like "always", "every" or "never" when this is neither true, nor equivalent to the truth.

  Example: "It's rape if you have sex with someone a day under the age of consent, but perfectly okay if you have sex with someone a day over the age of consent."

  Example: When an admired person makes a minor mistake, the admiration is turned into contempt. "I thought Daniel Carleton Gajdusek was a good man, but when I heard he had sex with kids, I lost all respect for him."

• Overgeneralization: Making hasty generalizations from insufficient experiences and evidence. Making a very broad conclusion based on a single incident or a single piece of evidence. If something bad happens only once, it is expected to happen over and over again.

  Example: A counselor says that because a boy had sex with his teacher and later regretted it, it's harmful for any boy to have sex with his teacher.

• Filtering: focusing entirely on negative elements of a situation, to the exclusion of the positive. Also, the brain's tendency to filter out information which does not conform to already held beliefs.

  Example: A boy says, "The relationship was good overall, although there were moments when I felt guilty about lying to hide what we were doing" and everyone focuses on the guilt.

• Disqualifying the positive: discounting positive events.

  Example: A boy says, "That relationship was the best experience of my life" and people assume he's exaggerating or even trying to rationalize what happened. However, if he says "It was the worst experience of my life" everyone believes him.

• Jumping to conclusions: reaching preliminary conclusions (usually negative) from little (if any) evidence. Two specific subtypes are identified:
  • Mind reading: Inferring a person's possible or probable (usually negative) thoughts from their behavior and nonverbal communication; taking precautions against the worst reasonably suspected case or some other preliminary conclusion, without asking the person.

    Example: People say, "Think of the pain that boy is going through, knowing his brother abused him!" when they have seen and heard no indication that the boy is in fact suffering.

  • Fortune-telling: predicting negative outcomes of events.

    Example: People say, "That child will be dealing for years with what his brother did to him!" without knowing anything about the child other than that he had sex with brother.

• Magnification and minimization – Giving proportionally greater weight to a perceived failure, weakness or threat, or lesser weight to a perceived success, strength or opportunity, so the weight differs from that assigned to the event or thing by others. This is common enough in the normal population to popularize idioms such as "make a mountain out of a molehill". In depressed clients, often the positive characteristics of other people are exaggerated and negative characteristics are understated. There is one subtype of magnification:
  • Catastrophizing – Giving greater weight to the worst possible outcome, however unlikely, or experiencing a situation as unbearable or impossible when it is just uncomfortable.

  Example: ???

• Emotional reasoning: presuming that negative feelings expose the true nature of things, and experiencing reality as a reflection of emotionally linked thoughts. Thinking something is true, solely based on a feeling.

  Example: "I find child porn disgusting. That means it's evil."

• Should statements: doing, or expecting others to do, what they morally should or ought to do irrespective of the particular case the person is faced with. This involves conforming strenuously to ethical categorical imperatives which, by definition, "always apply," or to hypothetical imperatives which apply in that general type of case. Albert Ellis termed this "musturbation". Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes this as "expecting the world to be different than it is".

  Example: After a performance, a concert pianist believes he or she should not have made so many mistakes. Or, while waiting for an appointment, thinking that the service provider should be on time, and feeling bitter and resentful as a result.

• Labeling and mislabeling: a more severe type of overgeneralization; attributing a person's actions to their character instead of some accidental attribute. Rather than assuming the behavior to be accidental or extrinsic, the person assigns a label to someone or something that implies the character of that person or thing. Mislabeling involves describing an event with language that has a strong connotation of a person's evaluation of the event.

  Example of "labeling": Instead of believing that you made a mistake, you believe that you are a loser, because only a loser would make that kind of mistake. Or, someone who made a bad first impression is a "jerk", in the absence of some more specific cause.

  Example of "mislabeling": A woman who places her children in a day care center is "abandoning her children to strangers," because the person who says so highly values the bond between mother and child.

• Personalization – attributing personal responsibility, including the resulting praise or blame, for events over which a person has no control.

  Example: A mother whose child is struggling in school blames herself entirely for being a bad mother, because she believes that her deficient parenting is responsible. In fact, the real cause may be something else entirely.

• Blaming: the opposite of personalization; holding other people responsible for the harm they cause, and especially for their intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress on us.

Example: a spouse blames their husband or wife entirely for marital problems, instead of looking at his/her own part in the problems.

• Fallacy of change – Relying on social control to obtain cooperative actions from another person.
• Always being right – Prioritizing self-interest over the feelings of another person.

External link

• See: http://www.newgon.com/wiki/Research:_Cognitive_Distortion (dead link as of August 2015)