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<a name="wikipedia">Encyclopedia</a>

(Redirected to <a title="Age_of_consent_reform" href="/Age_of_consent_reform">Age of consent reform</a> article)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Age of consent reform refers to efforts to

change <a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws, whether to raise or lower or abolish the age of consent, or to change the ways in which the laws are applied. These efforts vary greatly in intensity and popularity, and have manifested in a variety of forms, such as legislation for close-in-age exemptions to age of consent laws, advocacy to change the way age of consent laws are examined in court, to lower or increase the age limits, and increase or reduce related penalties. Some organized efforts have occurred ranging from academic discussions to political petitions and <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> advocacy

groups.

<a href="#Close-in-age_exemptions">1Close-in-age exemptions</a>
<a href="#Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent">2Initiatives to raise ages of consent</a>
- <a href="#Kerala.2C_India">2.1Kerala, India</a>
- <a href="#Georgia.2C_USA">2.2Georgia, USA</a>
- <a href="#Canada">2.3Canada</a>
<a href="#Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent">3Initiatives to lower or abolish ages of consent</a>
- <a href="#Pedophile_advocacy_groups">3.1Pedophile advocacy groups</a>
- <a href="#The_Netherlands">3.2The Netherlands</a>
- <a href="#France">3.3France</a>
- <a href="#United_Kingdom">3.4United Kingdom</a>
- <a href="#Commentators">3.5Commentators</a>
<a href="#See_also">4See also</a>
<a href="#References">5References</a>
<a href="#Further_reading">6Further reading</a>

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Close-in-age exemptions

A number of jurisdictions have adopted close-in-age exemptions

in recent decades. These are frequently called Romeo and Juliet exemptions. These exemptions to age of consent laws take account of varying circumstances such as sex between a minor under the age of consent and a much older adult, a minor under the age of consent and a person of the same age or older by only a small amount, whether or not under the age of consent, or a minor under

the age of consent and another minor under the age of consent.

In a typical jurisdiction with close-in-age exemptions, sexual

intercourse between (for example) a 14-year-old and a 21-year-old might be a criminal offence on the latter's part, while sexual intercourse between (for example) two 14-year-olds would not constitute a criminal offence by either party. Other jurisdictions have laws that allow a minor under 17 and a adult over 18 to consent to sexual intercourse based on age difference, or (for example) to allow a 3 to 5 years age difference (16-year-old and a 19-year-old or a 15-year-old and a 20-year-old). Some see this as a means to allow young people to have a normal sexual development while protecting them from dangerous and violent sexual

predators.

Initiatives to raise ages of consent

Examples of legislative initiatives to raise the age of consent

that have been considered or enacted include those in <a href="/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (USA)^{<a href="#cite_note-0">[1]</a>} and in

Canada.^{<a href="#cite_note-1">[2]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-2">[3]</a>}

Kerala, India

In January 2004, a <a href="/Division_bench" title="Division bench">Division bench</a> of the <a href="/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s <a href="/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">High Court</a> in Southern <a href="/India" title="India">India</a> suggested that the age of

consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R. Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian Majority Act, the Contract Act, the <a href="/Juvenile_Justice_Act" title="Juvenile Justice Act">Juvenile Justice Act</a>, the <a href="/Child_Marriage_in_India" title="Child Marriage in India" class="mw-redirect">Child Marriage Restraint Act</a> and the Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case

of sexual consent.^{<a href="#cite_note-3">[4]</a>}.

Georgia, USA

In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the <a href="/148th_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_Georgia" title="148th General Assembly of the State of Georgia" class="mw-redirect">General Assembly of Georgia</a> (USA) to raise

the age of consent from 16 to 18.^{<a href="#cite_note-4">[5]</a>} The

proposal is still being analyzed by local politicians.^{<a href="#cite_note-5">[6]</a>}

Canada

Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_reform_in_Canada" title="Age of consent reform in Canada">Age of consent reform in Canada</a>

In Canada, the age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 on 1 May 2008 (in 1890 it was raised from 12 to 14).

In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise

the age of consent from 14 to 16, while creating a near-age exemption for sex between 14-15 year olds and partners up to 5 years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex between 12-13 year olds and partners up to 2 years older. The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of 14 and 15 year olds, but forbids new

marriages like these in the future.^{<a href="#cite_note-ctv.ca-6">[7]</a>}

Initiatives to lower or abolish ages of consent

Pedophile advocacy groups

During the late 1950s to early 1990s, several <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> membership organizations

advocated lowering or abolishing age of consent laws^{<a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7">[8]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-8">[9]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-9">[10]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10">[11]</a>} to legalize <a href="/Sexual_activities" title="Sexual activities" class="mw-redirect">sexual activities</a> involving an adult and a child (defined as <a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> by all modern cultures, socially, medically, and legally^{<a href="#cite_note-Levesque-11">[12]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-UNchildren-12">[13]</a>}). As one of their arguments to lower or abolish the age of consent, members of pedophile advocacy groups promoted their belief that children are psychologically capable of consenting to sexual interactions with adults^{<a href="#cite_note-dallam-13">[14]</a>} (although this opinion is contrary to legal and scientific consensus ^{<a href="#cite_note-14">[15]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-15">[16]</a>}), and they often portrayed themselves as fighting for the right of children to engage in what the activists consider to be consensual sex with adults.^{<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10">[11]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-dallam-13">[14]</a>} Some activists tried to link their goals with those of the early <a href="/LGBT_social_movements" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>, but in the course of time those movements

universally rejected this linkage.^{<a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7">[8]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16">[17]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Mirkin-17">[18]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Heinze-18">[19]</a>}

The age of consent reform efforts of pedophile advocacy groups

such as the <a href="/Danish_Pedophile_Association" title="Danish Pedophile Association">Danish Pedophile Association</a> and the <a href="/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a> did not gain any public support^{<a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7">[8]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10">[11]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16">[17]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-stanton-19">[20]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-hagan-20">[21]</a>} and today those groups that have not dissolved have only minimal membership and have ceased their activities other than through a few websites.^{<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10">[11]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-hagan-20">[21]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-21">[22]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-22">[23]</a>} Beginning in the 1990s, public focus on and disapproval of pedophilia resulted in more stringent legislation and stronger criminal penalties regarding child pornography, child sexual abuse,

and use of the internet to facilitate these offenses.^{<a href="#cite_note-Mattei-23">[24]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Bocij-24">[25]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Clark-25">[26]</a>}

The Netherlands

<a href="/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde,_Vrijheid_en_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit" class="mw-redirect">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en

Diversiteit</a> (Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom, and Diversity) is a <a href="/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a><a href="/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 2006.^{<a href="#cite_note-26">[27]</a>} The party currently has no parliamentary representation and did not

receive enough signatures to partake in the 2006 elections.^{<a href="#cite_note-27">[28]</a>}

The PNVD seeks to have the legal age-of-consent lowered to 12,

and, in the long run, completely eliminated, except in dependent or intrafamilial relationships. They also aim to equalize the legal age where one can perform in pornography with the legal

age-of-consent.^{<a href="#cite_note-platform-28">[29]</a>}

The former Dutch <a href="/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a> also supported the lowering of the age of consent to 12.^{<a href="#cite_note-29">[30]</a>}

France

1977-1979 petitions

Main article: <a href="/French_petitions_against_age_of_consent_laws" title="French petitions against age of consent laws">French petitions against age of consent laws</a>

In 1977, while a reform in the French penal code was under

discussion in the parliament, a petition was addressed to the parliament calling for the abrogation of several articles of the age-of-consent law and the decriminalization of all consented relations between adults and <a href="/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> below the age of fifteen.^{<a href="#cite_note-30">[31]</a>} In 1978 , the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio <a href="/France_Culture" title="France Culture">France Culture</a> in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title <a href="/Sexual_Morality_and_the_Law" title="Sexual Morality and the Law">Sexual Morality and the Law</a> in a book by <a href="/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor <a href="/Jean_Danet" title="Jean Danet">Jean Danet</a> and novelist/gay activist <a href="/Guy_Hocquenghem" title="Guy Hocquenghem">Guy Hocquenghem</a> had all signed the petition. Other signers included philosophers <a href="/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> and the <a href="/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrician</a> and child <a href="/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a><a href="/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto" title="Françoise Dolto">Françoise

Dolto</a>.

United Kingdom

Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_manifestations_(UK)" title="Age of consent manifestations (UK)">Age of consent manifestations (UK)</a>

According to sociologist Matthew Waites, in the 1970s, a number

of grass-roots political actions took place in Britain in favor of lowering the age of consent, that he described as based on claims of children's rights, gay liberation, or, as a way to avoid

unwanted pregnancies or sexually-transmitted diseases.^{<a href="#cite_note-waites-31">[32]</a>}

In September 1974, the United Kingdom's Sexual Law Reform

Society proposed a system in which the age of consent would be replaced with what was called an "age of protection" - if not for all ages below the <a href="/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> (18), then at least for the ages between 14 and 18, in combination with an age of consent of 14. People below this "age of protection" (if totally replacing the age of consent) – or between a lower age of consent and this age of protection -would be subject "to a context in which the onus of proof that valid consent existed would lie with the older

partner".^{<a href="#cite_note-32">[33]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-33">[34]</a>}

A similar proposal was recommended in May 1974 by the UK's <a href="/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality" title="Campaign for Homosexual Equality">Campaign for Homosexual

Equality</a> (CHE). CHE's Working Party on Law Reform suggested a basic age of consent of 16, but 12 "in cases where a defendant

could prove the existence of meaningful consent". ^{<a href="#cite_note-34">[35]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-35">[36]</a>}

The modern Communist Party of Great Britain lists abolition of

age-of-consent laws among its immediate demands, with the added provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children

from sexual abuse.^{<a href="#cite_note-36">[37]</a>}

In 1976, the British political pressure group <a href="/Liberty_(pressure_group)" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a>, under their alternate

name National Council for Civil Liberties, published a report presented to the <a href="/Criminal_Law_Revision_Committee" title="Criminal Law Revision Committee">Criminal Law Revision Committee</a>, proposing – among other things – "a minimum age of 10 in circumstances where both partners were over 10 but below 14". Additionally, "where only one partner was in this age bracket, real proof of consent would be required", and also "an overlap of two years on either side of 14 was proposed to achieve legal

flexibility, such that 12-16 year olds could legally have sex".^{<a href="#cite_note-37">[38]</a>}

Commentators

<a href="/John_Caldwell_Holt" title="John Caldwell Holt" class="mw-redirect">John Holt</a> (1923 - 1985), an American

teacher who authored Escape from Childhood – The Needs and Rights of Children, stated that "all people, including young people, should have the right to control their own private sex lives and acts". He considers that "it is not the proper business of the state or government to pry into such matters". Holt refutes the concept of child <a href="/Innocence" title="Innocence">innocence</a> and opposes laws on age of consent as unfair and <a href="/Morality" title="Morality">morally

wrong</a>.

<a href="/Judith_Levine" title="Judith Levine">Judith

Levine</a>, an American journalist and author of <a href="/Harmful_to_Minors" title="Harmful to Minors">Harmful to Minors</a>: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex, is against the legal regulation of children's involvement in sexual activities.^{<a href="#cite_note-38">[39]</a>} Levine suggests that, if such laws are to exist, an appropriate model would be the legal framework that existed in the Netherlands during the 1990s, now abolished, which required a complaint from a parent or other authority to pursue a prosecution where 12-15 year

olds were involved.^{<a href="#cite_note-39">[40]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-40">[41]</a>}

British journalist <a href="/Miranda_Sawyer" title="Miranda Sawyer">Miranda Sawyer</a> maintains that the age of

consent should be lowered to 12 in the United Kingdom, arguing that the criminalization of all sexual activity for ages under 16 is

"laughably unrealistic".^{<a href="#cite_note-41">[42]</a>}

American academic <a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a> has argued for public

debate and downward revision of the age of consent in the United States in order to bring American law into accord with those of other Western nations. Appel has written that "whether the age of consent should be 16 or 15, or even a year younger, is a complex question that our society needs to address. Keeping the age of consent at 18, as do twelve [American] states, is no more

reasonable that setting it at 10."^{<a href="#cite_note-42">[43]</a>}

References

<a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a><a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">hb722.html</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200691,00.html?sPage=specialsections.foxnews/lawcenter" class="external text" rel="nofollow">FOXNews.com - Canada's
Conservatives Seek to Raise Age of Consent to 16 - International
News | News of the World | Middle East News | Europe News</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a><a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060622/age_consent_060622/20060622?hub=CTVNewsAt11" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Mixed reviews to Tories' sexual consent bill</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a><a href="http://www.asiansexgazette.com/asg/south_asia/southasia03news67.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Asian Sex Gazette - Kerala, Raise age-limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 - South Asia</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The House Bill #722 was presented by Representatives Forster (3rd District), Rice (51st District), Cooper (41st District), Randall (138th) and Walker (107th), among others. See <a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a><a href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-ctv.ca_6-0">^</a><a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Age of Consent FAQ</a>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-0">^a</a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-1">^b</a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-2">^c</a>Jenkins, Philip (2006). Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America. Oxford University Press. pp. 120. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-19-517866-1.
<a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_8-0">^</a>Spiegel, Josef (2003). Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice. Routledge. pp. 5, p9. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 1-56032-403-1.
<a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws," an editorial from NAMBLA News (1980), reproduced in We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. Ed. by Mark Blasius and Shane Phelan. London: Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-0">^a</a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-1">^b</a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-2">^c</a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-3">^d</a>Eichewald, Kurt (August 21, 2006). <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"From Their Own Online World, Pedophiles Extend Their Reach""</a>. <a href="/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a>. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html</a>.
<a href="#cite_ref-Levesque_11-0">^</a>Levesque, Roger J. R. (1999). Sexual Abuse of Children: A Human Rights Perspective. Indiana University Press. pp. 1,5–6,176–180.
<a href="#cite_ref-UNchildren_12-0">^</a><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child"</a>. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1989. <a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm</a>.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-0">^a</a><a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-1">^b</a> Dallam, S. J. (2002). "Science or Propaganda? An examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998)". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9 (3/4), 109-134
<a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a>Finkelhor, David (1993). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. SAGE. p. 26. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0803927495.
<a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a>Kinnear, Karen (2007). Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 1851099050.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-0">^a</a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-1">^b</a>Jenkins, Philip (1992). Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. Aldine Transaction. pp. 75. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-202-30436-1.
<a href="#cite_ref-Mirkin_17-0">^</a>Harris Mirkin (1999). "The Pattern of Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia". J.Homosex37 (2).
<a href="#cite_ref-Heinze_18-0">^</a>Heinze, Eric (1995). Sexual Orientation: A Human Right : An Essay on International Human Rights Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 150–1. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-7923-3018-8.
<a href="#cite_ref-stanton_19-0">^</a>Stanton, Domna C. (1992). Discourses of Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS. University of Michigan Press. pp. 405. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-472-06513-0.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-0">^a</a><a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-1">^b</a>Hagan, Domna C.; Marvin B. Sussman (1988). Deviance and the family. Haworth Press. pp. 131. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-86656-726-7.
<a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a><a href="/Benoit_Denizet-Lewis" title="Benoit Denizet-Lewis">Benoit Denizet-Lewis</a> (2001). "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050325090306/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=27" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Boy Crazy</a>," Boston Magazine.
<a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a><a href="http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Trembaly, Pierre. (2002) "Social interactions among paedophiles."</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_23-0">^</a>Mattei, Monique; Ferraro, Eoghan Casey, Michael McGrath (2004). Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, Law and Pornography. Academic Press. pp. 7–8,112–113. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-12-163105-2.
<a href="#cite_ref-Bocij_24-0">^</a>Bocij, Paul (2004). Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 160–176. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0-275-98118-5.
<a href="#cite_ref-Clark_25-0">^</a>Clark, Mathew D. (2002). Obscenity, Child Pornography and Indecency. pp. 74–76. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 1-59033-396-9.
<a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a><a href="http://pnvd.nl/main.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Naastenliefde, Vrijheid & Diversiteit: Nieuws</a> (official website). "Vandaag, 31 mei, is de partij officieel opgericht." Accessed 31 May 2006. (Dutch)
<a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a><a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Pedopartij haalt verkiezingen niet"</a>. <a href="/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a>. 2006-10-10. <a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html</a>. (Dutch)
<a href="#cite_ref-platform_28-0">^</a><a href="http://pnvd.nl/prog_mei_2006.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Naastenliefde, Vrijheid & Diversiteit 2006 Programma"</a> (2006 platform; official website). Accessed 31 May 2006. (Dutch)
<a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Brongersma, Edward (1988). "Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung ("Age of Consent 12 years? Dutch legislation on sex with children")", in Leopardi, Angelo: Der pädosexuelle Komplex ("On the topic of pedosexuality") (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 214. ISBN 3-922257-66-6.
<a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Foucault, Michel. Politics, Philosophy, Culture –Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984. Edited by Lawrence D. Krizman. New York / London: 1988, Routledge, Pp. 272-273.
<a href="#cite_ref-waites_31-0">^</a> Waites, Matthew. The Age of Consent – Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship (2005), pp 122, 132-133, 220).
<a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., p.132).
<a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Sexual Law Reform Society, 1974. Report of the Working Party on the Law in Relation to Sexual Behaviour. "in" Antony Grey papers, file 2/1, at Hall Carpenter Archive, British Library of Political and Economic Sciences, London.
<a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., pp. 132 and 243, Note 6.6)
<a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Gay News, no. 46, 9 May 1974, p.3 – 'CHE Report angers reformers'.
<a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a><a href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/cpgb/prog_demands.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Communist Party of Great Britain - Draft Programme</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Waites, Matthew (2005, p.135-136). The age of consent – Young people, Sexuality and Citizenship. New York/London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2173-4. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3.
<a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> LEVINE, Judith. Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex, p. 88. Minneapolis: 2002. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.
<a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> WAITES, Matthews. The age of consent – Young people, Sexuality and Citizenship, p. 221. New York: 2005. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3.
<a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> LEVINE, Judith (op. cit.), p. 89.
<a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> SAWYER, Miranda. Newspaper article – 'Sex is not Just for Grown-Ups', The Observer, 2 November 2003, Review section, pp.1-2.
<a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a><a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a>, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/embracing-teenage-sexuali_b_409136.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Embracing Teenage Sexuality: Let's Rethink the Age of Consent</a>, Jan 1, 2009

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Contents

Pro-pedophile activism: Wikis

<a name="wikipedia">Encyclopedia</a>

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Close-in-age exemptions

Initiatives to raise ages of consent

Kerala, India

Georgia, USA

Canada

Initiatives to lower or abolish ages of consent

Pedophile advocacy groups

The Netherlands

France

United Kingdom

Commentators

See also

References

Further reading

Navigation

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 Source: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Pro-pedophile_activism
 <h1>Pro-pedophile activism: Wikis</h1>
-					</td>
+|}</div><div id="id_content_wrapper" class="core-content-wrapper"><div style="clear:both;padding-bottom:50px;"><br></div><div class="citablewarning">Note: Many of our articles have <b>direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article</b>&#33; This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it&#33; See <a href="http://www.thefullwiki.org">more info</a> or our <a href="http://www.thefullwiki.org/articles_with_direct_quotes">list of citable articles</a>. </div><div id="core_panel_mediawiki_sites"><div class="section" id="wikipedia"><h1 class="section-title"><a name="wikipedia">Encyclopedia</a></h1><div style="float:right"></div><div class="fragment"><div id="wikipedia_fragments"><div id="wikipedia_contentSub">(Redirected to <a title="Age_of_consent_reform" href="/Age_of_consent_reform">Age of consent reform</a> article)</div><div id="wikipedia_bodyContent"><h3 id="wikipedia_siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>
-				</tr>
+{|  class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
-			</tbody></table>
+!  style="background:#488AC7;" | <strong><a href="/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></strong>
-		</div>
+|-
+!  style="background:#5CB3FF;" | Social Issues
+|-
-		<div id="id_content_wrapper" class="core-content-wrapper">
+| <a href="/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Rights</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a>
-							<div style="clear:both;padding-bottom:50px;">
+|-
-								<br>
+| <a href="/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a>
-				</div>
+|-
+| <a href="/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation
-						<div class="citablewarning">Note: Many of our articles have <b>direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article</b>! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See <a href="http://www.thefullwiki.org">more info</a> or our <a href="http://www.thefullwiki.org/articles_with_direct_quotes">list of citable articles</a>. </div>
+(interracial relations)</a>
+|-
+| <a href="/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex
-			<div id="core_panel_mediawiki_sites">
+marriage</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a>
+|-
-<div class="section" id="wikipedia">
+| <a href="/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a>
-		<h1 class="section-title">
+|-
-		<a name="wikipedia">Encyclopedia</a>
+| <a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of
-	</h1>
+consent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a>
-		<div style="float:right">
+|-
-				</div>
+| <a href="/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a>
+|-
+| <a href="/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a>
-			<div class="fragment">
+|-
+| <a href="/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public
+morality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a>
+|-
-						<div id="wikipedia_fragments">				<div id="wikipedia_contentSub">(Redirected to <a title="Age_of_consent_reform" href="/Age_of_consent_reform">Age of consent reform</a> article)</div>
+!  style="background:#5CB3FF;" | Specific Offences
-<div id="wikipedia_bodyContent">
+|-
-<h3 id="wikipedia_siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>
+| <small><em>May vary according to <a href="/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></em></small>
+|-
-<table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;">
+| <a href="/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Laws_regarding_incest" title="Laws regarding incest">Incest</a>
-<tbody><tr>
+|-
-<th style="background:#488AC7;"><strong><a href="/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></strong></th>
+| <a href="/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a>
-</tr>
+|-
+| <a href="/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual
-<tr>
+intercourse</a>
-<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Social Issues</th>
+|-
-</tr>
+| <a href="/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Buggery" title="Buggery">Buggery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Zoosexuality_and_the_law" title="Zoosexuality and the law">Zoophilia</a>
+|-
-<tr>
+| <a href="/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of
-<td><a href="/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Rights</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></td>
+HIV</a>
-</tr>
+|-
+| <a href="/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Female_Genital_Cutting" title="Female Genital Cutting" class="mw-redirect">Female Genital Cutting</a>
-<tr>
+|-
-<td><a href="/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></td>
+| <a href="/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual
-</tr>
+harassment</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Public_indecency" title="Public indecency">Public
+indecency</a>
-<tr>
+|-
-<td><a href="/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation
+| <a href="/Extreme_pornography" title="Extreme pornography">Extreme pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child
-(interracial relations)</a></td>
+pornography</a>
-</tr>
+|-
+| <a href="/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual
-<tr>
+assault</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a>
-<td><a href="/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex
+|-
-marriage</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></td>
+| <a href="/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
-</tr>
+(<a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a>)
+|-
-<tr>
+| <a href="/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child
-<td><a href="/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></td>
+grooming</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Prostitution_of_children" title="Prostitution of children">Prostitution of children</a>
-</tr>
+|-
+| <a href="/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Prostitution</a> and <a href="/Pimping" title="Pimping" class="mw-redirect">Pimping</a>
-<tr>
+|-
-<td><a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of
+!  style="background:#5CB3FF;" | Portals: <a href="/Portal:Sexuality" title="Portal:Sexuality">Sexuality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Portal:Criminal_justice" title="Portal:Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a>
-consent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></td>
+|-
-</tr>
+| <div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;color:#5CB3FF;; font-size:xx-small;">
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public
-morality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Specific Offences</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><small><em>May vary according to <a href="/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></em></small></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Laws_regarding_incest" title="Laws regarding incest">Incest</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual
-intercourse</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Buggery" title="Buggery">Buggery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Zoosexuality_and_the_law" title="Zoosexuality and the law">Zoophilia</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of
-HIV</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Female_Genital_Cutting" title="Female Genital Cutting" class="mw-redirect">Female Genital Cutting</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual
-harassment</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Public_indecency" title="Public indecency">Public
-indecency</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Extreme_pornography" title="Extreme pornography">Extreme pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child
-pornography</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual
-assault</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
-(<a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a>)</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child
-grooming</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Prostitution_of_children" title="Prostitution of children">Prostitution of children</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Prostitution</a> and <a href="/Pimping" title="Pimping" class="mw-redirect">Pimping</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<th style="background:#5CB3FF;">Portals: <a href="/Portal:Sexuality" title="Portal:Sexuality">Sexuality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Portal:Criminal_justice" title="Portal:Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;color:#5CB3FF;; font-size:xx-small;">
 This box: <span title="View this template" style="color:#5CB3FF;">view</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&nbsp;<span title="Discuss this template" style="color:#5CB3FF;">talk</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&nbsp;<span title="Edit this template" style="color:#5CB3FF;;">edit</span></div>
-</td>
+|}<p><strong>Age of consent reform</strong> refers to efforts to
-</tr>
-</tbody></table>
-<p><strong>Age of consent reform</strong> refers to efforts to
 change <a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of
 consent</a> laws, whether to raise or lower or abolish the age of
@@ Line 173: / Line 85: @@
 discussions to political petitions and <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> advocacy
 groups.</p>
+{|  id="wikipedia_toc" class="toc"
-<table id="wikipedia_toc" class="toc">
+| <div id="wikipedia_toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Close-in-age_exemptions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="toctext">Close-in-age exemptions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="toctext">Initiatives to
-<tbody><tr>
+raise ages of consent</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Kerala.2C_India"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span><span class="toctext">Kerala, India</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Georgia.2C_USA"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span><span class="toctext">Georgia,
-<td>
+USA</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span><span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="toctext">Initiatives to
-<div id="wikipedia_toctitle">
+lower or abolish ages of consent</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pedophile_advocacy_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span><span class="toctext">Pedophile
-<h2>Contents</h2>
+advocacy groups</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span><span class="toctext">The Netherlands</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span><span class="toctext">France</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span><span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commentators"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span><span class="toctext">Commentators</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="toctext">See
-</div>
+also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span><span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul>
+|}<script type="text/javascript">
-<ul>
+//<&#33;[CDATA[
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Close-in-age_exemptions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>
-<span class="toctext">Close-in-age exemptions</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Initiatives to
-raise ages of consent</span></a>
-<ul>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Kerala.2C_India"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kerala, India</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Georgia.2C_USA"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Georgia,
-USA</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Initiatives to
-lower or abolish ages of consent</span></a>
-<ul>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pedophile_advocacy_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pedophile
-advocacy groups</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Netherlands</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commentators"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Commentators</span></a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See
-also</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
-<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
-</ul>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody></table>
-<script type="text/javascript">
-//<![CDATA[
 if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }
-//]]>
+//]]></script><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Close_in_age_exemptions">Close-in-age exemptions</span></h2><p>A number of jurisdictions have adopted close-in-age exemptions
-</script>
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Close_in_age_exemptions">Close-in-age exemptions</span></h2>
-<p>A number of jurisdictions have adopted close-in-age exemptions
 in recent decades. These are frequently called <em>Romeo and Juliet
 exemptions</em>. These exemptions to age of consent laws take
@@ Line 243: / Line 102: @@
 consent and a person of the same age or older by only a small
 amount, whether or not under the age of consent, or a minor under
-the age of consent and another minor under the age of consent.</p>
+the age of consent and another minor under the age of consent.</p><p>In a typical jurisdiction with close-in-age exemptions, sexual
-<p>In a typical jurisdiction with close-in-age exemptions, sexual
 intercourse between (for example) a 14-year-old and a 21-year-old
 might be a criminal offence on the latter's part, while sexual
@@ Line 256: / Line 113: @@
 means to allow young people to have a normal sexual development
 while protecting them from dangerous and violent sexual
-predators.</p>
+predators.</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to raise ages
+of consent</span></h2><p>Examples of legislative initiatives to raise the age of consent
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_raise_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to raise ages
-of consent</span></h2>
-<p>Examples of legislative initiatives to raise the age of consent
 that have been considered or enacted include those in <a href="/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (USA)<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and in
-Canada.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+Canada.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Kerala_2C_India">Kerala,
+India</span></h3><p>In January 2004, a <a href="/Division_bench" title="Division bench">Division bench</a> of the <a href="/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s <a href="/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">High Court</a> in Southern <a href="/India" title="India">India</a> suggested that the age of
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Kerala_2C_India">Kerala,
-India</span></h3>
-<p>In January 2004, a <a href="/Division_bench" title="Division bench">Division bench</a> of the <a href="/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s <a href="/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">High Court</a> in Southern <a href="/India" title="India">India</a> suggested that the age of
 consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R.
 Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in
@@ Line 274: / Line 123: @@
 Majority Act, the Contract Act, the <a href="/Juvenile_Justice_Act" title="Juvenile Justice Act">Juvenile Justice Act</a>, the <a href="/Child_Marriage_in_India" title="Child Marriage in India" class="mw-redirect">Child Marriage Restraint Act</a> and the
 Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case
-of sexual consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p>
+of sexual consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Georgia_2C_USA">Georgia,
+USA</span></h3><p>In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the <a href="/148th_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_Georgia" title="148th General Assembly of the State of Georgia" class="mw-redirect">General Assembly of Georgia</a> (USA) to raise
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Georgia_2C_USA">Georgia,
-USA</span></h3>
-<p>In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the <a href="/148th_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_Georgia" title="148th General Assembly of the State of Georgia" class="mw-redirect">General Assembly of Georgia</a> (USA) to raise
 the age of consent from 16 to 18.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The
-proposal is still being analyzed by local politicians.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+proposal is still being analyzed by local politicians.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Canada">Canada</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_reform_in_Canada" title="Age of consent reform in Canada">Age of consent reform in
+Canada</a></div><p>In Canada, the age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 on 1 May
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Canada">Canada</span></h3>
+(in 1890 it was raised from 12 to 14).</p><p>In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise
-<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_reform_in_Canada" title="Age of consent reform in Canada">Age of consent reform in
-Canada</a></div>
-<p>In Canada, the age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 on 1 May
-(in 1890 it was raised from 12 to 14).</p>
-<p>In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise
 the age of consent from 14 to 16, while creating a near-age
 exemption for sex between 14-15 year olds and partners up to 5
@@ Line 298: / Line 135: @@
 initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already
 existing marriages of 14 and 15 year olds, but forbids new
-marriages like these in the future.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_ctv_ca_6_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv.ca-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+marriages like these in the future.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_ctv_ca_6_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv.ca-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to
+lower or abolish ages of consent</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Pedophile_advocacy_groups">Pedophile advocacy
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Initiatives_to_lower_or_abolish_ages_of_consent">Initiatives to
+groups</span></h3><p>During the late 1950s to early 1990s, several <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> membership organizations
-lower or abolish ages of consent</span></h2>
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Pedophile_advocacy_groups">Pedophile advocacy
-groups</span></h3>
-<p>During the late 1950s to early 1990s, several <a href="/Pedophile" title="Pedophile" class="mw-redirect">pedophile</a> membership organizations
 advocated lowering or abolishing age of consent laws<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_spiegel_8_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Eichewald4_10_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup>
 to legalize <a href="/Sexual_activities" title="Sexual activities" class="mw-redirect">sexual activities</a> involving an adult and a
@@ Line 322: / Line 153: @@
 Some activists tried to link their goals with those of the early <a href="/LGBT_social_movements" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT
 social movements</a>, but in the course of time those movements
-universally rejected this linkage.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins1992_16_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mirkin_17_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirkin-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Heinze_18_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+universally rejected this linkage.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins2006_7_1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_jenkins1992_16_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mirkin_17_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirkin-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Heinze_18_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The age of consent reform efforts of pedophile advocacy groups
-<p>The age of consent reform efforts of pedophile advocacy groups
 such as the <a href="/Danish_Pedophile_Association" title="Danish Pedophile Association">Danish Pedophile
 Association</a> and the <a href="/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American
@@ Line 334: / Line 163: @@
 pedophilia resulted in more stringent legislation and stronger
 criminal penalties regarding child pornography, child sexual abuse,
-and use of the internet to facilitate these offenses.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mattei_23_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Bocij_24_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocij-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Clark_25_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+and use of the internet to facilitate these offenses.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Mattei_23_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Bocij_24_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocij-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_Clark_25_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_The_Netherlands">The
+Netherlands</span></h3><p><em><a href="/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde,_Vrijheid_en_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit" class="mw-redirect">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_The_Netherlands">The
-Netherlands</span></h3>
-<p><em><a href="/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde,_Vrijheid_en_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit" class="mw-redirect">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en
 Diversiteit</a></em> (<em>Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom, and
-Diversity</em>) is a <a href="/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 2006.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The
+Diversity</em>) is a <a href="/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a><a href="/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 2006.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The
 party currently has no parliamentary representation and did not
-receive enough signatures to partake in the 2006 elections.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+receive enough signatures to partake in the 2006 elections.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The PNVD seeks to have the legal age-of-consent lowered to 12,
-<p>The PNVD seeks to have the legal age-of-consent lowered to 12,
 and, in the long run, completely eliminated, except in dependent or
 intrafamilial relationships. They also aim to equalize the legal
 age where one can perform in pornography with the legal
-age-of-consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_platform_28_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+age-of-consent.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_platform_28_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The former Dutch <a href="/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a> also
+supported the lowering of the age of consent to 12.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_France">France</span></h3><p><strong>1977-1979 petitions</strong></p><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/French_petitions_against_age_of_consent_laws" title="French petitions against age of consent laws">French
-<p>The former Dutch <a href="/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a> also
+petitions against age of consent laws</a></div><p>In 1977, while a reform in the French penal code was under
-supported the lowering of the age of consent to 12.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_France">France</span></h3>
-<p><strong>1977-1979 petitions</strong></p>
-<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/French_petitions_against_age_of_consent_laws" title="French petitions against age of consent laws">French
-petitions against age of consent laws</a></div>
-<p>In 1977, while a reform in the French penal code was under
 discussion in the parliament, a petition was addressed to the
 parliament calling for the abrogation of several articles of the
@@ Line 373: / Line 186: @@
 had all signed the petition. Other signers included philosophers <a href="/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
 and <a href="/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis
-Althusser</a> and the <a href="/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrician</a> and child <a href="/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a> <a href="/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto" title="Françoise Dolto">Françoise
+Althusser</a> and the <a href="/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrician</a> and child <a href="/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a><a href="/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dolto" title="Françoise Dolto">Françoise
-Dolto</a>.</p>
+Dolto</a>.</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_United_Kingdom">United
+Kingdom</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_manifestations_(UK)" title="Age of consent manifestations (UK)">Age of consent
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_United_Kingdom">United
+manifestations (UK)</a></div><p>According to sociologist Matthew Waites, in the 1970s, a number
-Kingdom</span></h3>
-<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/Age_of_consent_manifestations_(UK)" title="Age of consent manifestations (UK)">Age of consent
-manifestations (UK)</a></div>
-<p>According to sociologist Matthew Waites, in the 1970s, a number
 of grass-roots political actions took place in Britain in favor of
 lowering the age of consent, that he described as based on claims
 of children's rights, gay liberation, or, as a way to avoid
-unwanted pregnancies or sexually-transmitted diseases.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_waites_31_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waites-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+unwanted pregnancies or sexually-transmitted diseases.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_waites_31_0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waites-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In September 1974, the United Kingdom's <em>Sexual Law Reform
-<p>In September 1974, the United Kingdom's <em>Sexual Law Reform
 Society</em> proposed a system in which the age of consent would be
 replaced with what was called an "age of protection" - if not for
@@ Line 397: / Line 202: @@
 age of protection -would be subject "to a context in which the onus
 of proof that valid consent existed would lie with the older
-partner".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+partner".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>A similar proposal was recommended in May 1974 by the UK's <a href="/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality" title="Campaign for Homosexual Equality">Campaign for Homosexual
-<p>A similar proposal was recommended in May 1974 by the UK's <a href="/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality" title="Campaign for Homosexual Equality">Campaign for Homosexual
 Equality</a> (CHE). CHE's Working Party on Law Reform suggested a
 basic age of consent of 16, but 12 "in cases where a defendant
-could prove the existence of meaningful consent". <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+could prove the existence of meaningful consent". <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The modern Communist Party of Great Britain lists abolition of
-<p>The modern Communist Party of Great Britain lists abolition of
 age-of-consent laws among its immediate demands, with the added
 provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children
-from sexual abuse.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+from sexual abuse.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 1976, the British political pressure group <a href="/Liberty_(pressure_group)" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a>, under their alternate
-<p>In 1976, the British political pressure group <a href="/Liberty_(pressure_group)" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a>, under their alternate
 name <em>National Council for Civil Liberties</em>, published a
 report presented to the <a href="/Criminal_Law_Revision_Committee" title="Criminal Law Revision Committee">Criminal Law Revision
@@ Line 417: / Line 216: @@
 proof of consent would be required", and also "an overlap of two
 years on either side of 14 was proposed to achieve legal
-flexibility, such that 12-16 year olds could legally have sex".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+flexibility, such that 12-16 year olds could legally have sex".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Commentators">Commentators</span></h3><p><a href="/John_Caldwell_Holt" title="John Caldwell Holt" class="mw-redirect">John Holt</a> (1923 - 1985), an American
-<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Commentators">Commentators</span></h3>
-<p><a href="/John_Caldwell_Holt" title="John Caldwell Holt" class="mw-redirect">John Holt</a> (1923 - 1985), an American
 teacher who authored <em>Escape from Childhood – The Needs and
 Rights of Children</em>, stated that "all people, including young
@@ Line 429: / Line 224: @@
 the concept of child <a href="/Innocence" title="Innocence">innocence</a> and opposes laws on age of consent
 as unfair and <a href="/Morality" title="Morality">morally
-wrong</a>.</p>
+wrong</a>.</p><p><a href="/Judith_Levine" title="Judith Levine">Judith
-<p><a href="/Judith_Levine" title="Judith Levine">Judith
 Levine</a>, an American journalist and author of <em><a href="/Harmful_to_Minors" title="Harmful to Minors">Harmful to
 Minors</a>: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex</em>, is
@@ Line 440: / Line 233: @@
 during the 1990s, now abolished, which required a complaint from a
 parent or other authority to pursue a prosecution where 12-15 year
-olds were involved.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+olds were involved.<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>British journalist <a href="/Miranda_Sawyer" title="Miranda Sawyer">Miranda Sawyer</a> maintains that the age of
-<p>British journalist <a href="/Miranda_Sawyer" title="Miranda Sawyer">Miranda Sawyer</a> maintains that the age of
 consent should be lowered to 12 in the United Kingdom, arguing that
 the criminalization of all sexual activity for ages under 16 is
-"laughably unrealistic".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+"laughably unrealistic".<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>American academic <a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a> has argued for public
-<p>American academic <a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a> has argued for public
 debate and downward revision of the age of consent in the United
 States in order to bring American law into accord with those of
@@ Line 454: / Line 243: @@
 question that our society needs to address. Keeping the age of
 consent at 18, as do twelve [American] states, is no more
-reasonable that setting it at 10."<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+reasonable that setting it at 10."<sup id="wikipedia_cite_ref_42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="/1891_Age_of_Consent_Act" title="1891 Age of Consent Act">1891 Age of Consent Act</a></li></ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_References">References</span></h2><ol class="references"><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">hb722.html</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200691,00.html?sPage=specialsections.foxnews/lawcenter" class="external text" rel="nofollow">FOXNews.com - Canada's
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_See_also">See also</span></h2>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/1891_Age_of_Consent_Act" title="1891 Age of Consent Act">1891 Age of Consent Act</a></li>
-</ul>
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_References">References</span></h2>
-<ol class="references">
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">hb722.html</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200691,00.html?sPage=specialsections.foxnews/lawcenter" class="external text" rel="nofollow">FOXNews.com - Canada's
 Conservatives Seek to Raise Age of Consent to 16 - International
-News | News of the World | Middle East News | Europe News</a></li>
+News &#124; News of the World &#124; Middle East News &#124; Europe News</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060622/age_consent_060622/20060622?hub=CTVNewsAt11" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca &#124; Mixed reviews to
+Tories' sexual consent bill</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.asiansexgazette.com/asg/south_asia/southasia03news67.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Asian Sex Gazette - Kerala,
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060622/age_consent_060622/20060622?hub=CTVNewsAt11" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Mixed reviews to
-Tories' sexual consent bill</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.asiansexgazette.com/asg/south_asia/southasia03news67.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Asian Sex Gazette - Kerala,
 Raise age-limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 -
-South Asia</a></li>
+South Asia</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong>
 The House Bill #722 was presented by Representatives Forster (3rd
 District), Rice (51st District), Cooper (41st District), Randall
-(138th) and Walker (107th), among others. See <a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm</a></li>
+(138th) and Walker (107th), among others. See <a href="http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_ctv_ca_6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-ctv.ca_6-0">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca &#124; Age of Consent
+FAQ</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins2006_7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a><span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (2006). <em>Decade of
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_ctv_ca_6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-ctv.ca_6-0">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CTV.ca | Age of Consent
-FAQ</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins2006_7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_7-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a>
-<span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (2006). <em>Decade of
 Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties
 America</em>. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;120. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--19-517866-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Decade+of+Nightmares%3A+The+End+of+the+Sixties+and+the+Making+of+Eighties+America&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B120&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517866-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-19-517866-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Decade+of+Nightmares%3A+The+End+of+the+Sixties+and+the+Making+of+Eighties+America&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B120&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517866-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_spiegel_8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_8-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Spiegel, Josef (2003). <em>Sexual Abuse of
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_spiegel_8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_8-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Spiegel, Josef (2003). <em>Sexual Abuse of
 Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice</em>. Routledge.
 pp.&nbsp;5, p9. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--56032-403-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Males%3A+The+Sam+Model+of+Theory+and+Practice&amp;rft.aulast=Spiegel&amp;rft.aufirst=Josef&amp;rft.au=Spiegel%2C%26%2332%3BJosef&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B5%2C+p9&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.isbn=1-56032-403-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-56032-403-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Males%3A+The+Sam+Model+of+Theory+and+Practice&amp;rft.aulast=Spiegel&amp;rft.aufirst=Josef&amp;rft.au=Spiegel%2C%26%2332%3BJosef&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B5%2C+p9&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.isbn=1-56032-403-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong>
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong>
 "The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws," an editorial
 from <em>NAMBLA News</em> (1980), reproduced in <em>We Are
 Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian
 Politics</em>. Ed. by Mark Blasius and Shane Phelan. London:
-Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.</li>
+Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Eichewald4_10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a><span class="citation news">Eichewald, Kurt (August 21, 2006). <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"From Their Own Online World,
+Pedophiles Extend Their Reach""</a>. <a href="/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=From+Their+Own+Online+World%2C+Pedophiles+Extend+Their+Reach%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.au=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.date=August+21%2C+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F21%2Ftechnology%2F21pedo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Levesque_11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Levesque_11-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Levesque, Roger J. R. (1999). <em>Sexual
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Eichewald4_10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_10-3"><sup><em><strong>d</strong></em></sup></a>
-<span class="citation news">Eichewald, Kurt (August 21, 2006). <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"From Their Own Online World,
-Pedophiles Extend Their Reach""</a>. <a href="/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=From+Their+Own+Online+World%2C+Pedophiles+Extend+Their+Reach%22&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.au=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&amp;rft.date=August+21%2C+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F21%2Ftechnology%2F21pedo.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Levesque_11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Levesque_11-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Levesque, Roger J. R. (1999). <em>Sexual
 Abuse of Children: A Human Rights Perspective</em>. Indiana
-University Press. pp.&nbsp;1,5–6,176–180.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Children%3A+A+Human+Rights+Perspective&amp;rft.aulast=Levesque&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Levesque%2C%26%2332%3BRoger+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C5%E2%80%936%2C176%E2%80%93180&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+University Press. pp.&nbsp;1,5–6,176–180.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Children%3A+A+Human+Rights+Perspective&amp;rft.aulast=Levesque&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Levesque%2C%26%2332%3BRoger+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C5%E2%80%936%2C176%E2%80%93180&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_UNchildren_12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-UNchildren_12-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation web"><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"United Nations Convention on
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_UNchildren_12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-UNchildren_12-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"United Nations Convention on
 the Rights of the Child"</a>. Office of the United Nations High
-Commissioner for Human Rights. 1989<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fcrc.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+Commissioner for Human Rights. 1989<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fcrc.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_dallam_13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_dallam_13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-dallam_13-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
 Dallam, S. J. (2002). "Science or Propaganda? An examination of
 Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998)". <em>Journal of Child Sexual
-Abuse</em>, 9 (3/4), 109-134</li>
+Abuse</em>, 9 (3/4), 109-134</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Finkelhor, David (1993). <em>A
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></strong>
-<span class="citation book">Finkelhor, David (1993). <em>A
 Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse</em>. SAGE. p.&nbsp;26. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
-0803927495.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+on+Child+Sexual+Abuse&amp;rft.aulast=Finkelhor&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Finkelhor%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B26&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft.isbn=0803927495&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+0803927495.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+on+Child+Sexual+Abuse&amp;rft.aulast=Finkelhor&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Finkelhor%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B26&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft.isbn=0803927495&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Kinnear, Karen (2007). <em>Childhood
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></strong>
-<span class="citation book">Kinnear, Karen (2007). <em>Childhood
 Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook</em>. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;3. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
-1851099050.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Childhood+Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&amp;rft.aulast=Kinnear&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen&amp;rft.au=Kinnear%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.isbn=1851099050&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+1851099050.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Childhood+Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&amp;rft.aulast=Kinnear&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen&amp;rft.au=Kinnear%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.isbn=1851099050&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins1992_16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a><span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (1992). <em>Intimate
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_jenkins1992_16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_16-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
-<span class="citation book">Jenkins, Philip (1992). <em>Intimate
 Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain</em>. Aldine
 Transaction. pp.&nbsp;75. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--202-30436-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Intimate+Enemies%3A+Moral+Panics+in+Contemporary+Great+Britain&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75&amp;rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&amp;rft.isbn=0-202-30436-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-202-30436-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Intimate+Enemies%3A+Moral+Panics+in+Contemporary+Great+Britain&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75&amp;rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&amp;rft.isbn=0-202-30436-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mirkin_17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mirkin_17-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation Journal">Harris Mirkin (1999). "The Pattern of
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mirkin_17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mirkin_17-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Harris Mirkin (1999). "The Pattern of
 Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia".
-<em>J.Homosex</em> <strong>37</strong> (2).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pattern+of+Sexual+Politics%3A+Feminism%2C+Homosexuality+and+Pedophilia&amp;rft.jtitle=J.Homosex&amp;rft.aulast=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.au=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+<em>J.Homosex</em><strong>37</strong> (2).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pattern+of+Sexual+Politics%3A+Feminism%2C+Homosexuality+and+Pedophilia&amp;rft.jtitle=J.Homosex&amp;rft.aulast=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.au=Harris+Mirkin&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Heinze_18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Heinze_18-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Heinze, Eric (1995). <em>Sexual Orientation:
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Heinze_18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Heinze_18-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Heinze, Eric (1995). <em>Sexual Orientation:
 A Human Right&nbsp;: An Essay on International Human Rights
 Law</em>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.&nbsp;150–1. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--7923-3018-8.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation%3A+A+Human+Right+%3A+An+Essay+on+International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.aulast=Heinze&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.au=Heinze%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B150%E2%80%931&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-7923-3018-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-7923-3018-8.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation%3A+A+Human+Right+%3A+An+Essay+on+International+Human+Rights+Law&amp;rft.aulast=Heinze&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.au=Heinze%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B150%E2%80%931&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-7923-3018-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_stanton_19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-stanton_19-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Stanton, Domna C. (1992). <em>Discourses of
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_stanton_19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-stanton_19-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Stanton, Domna C. (1992). <em>Discourses of
 Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS</em>. University of Michigan
 Press. pp.&nbsp;405. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--472-06513-0.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Sexuality%3A+From+Aristotle+to+AIDS&amp;rft.aulast=Stanton&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Stanton%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B405&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-06513-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-472-06513-0.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Sexuality%3A+From+Aristotle+to+AIDS&amp;rft.aulast=Stanton&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Stanton%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B405&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-06513-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_hagan_20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a><a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a><span class="citation book">Hagan, Domna C.; Marvin B. Sussman
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_hagan_20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a>
-<a href="#cite_ref-hagan_20-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a>
-<span class="citation book">Hagan, Domna C.; Marvin B. Sussman
 (1988). <em>Deviance and the family</em>. Haworth Press.
 pp.&nbsp;131. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--86656-726-7.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deviance+and+the+family&amp;rft.aulast=Hagan&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Hagan%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.au=Marvin+B.+Sussman&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B131&amp;rft.pub=Haworth+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-86656-726-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-86656-726-7.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deviance+and+the+family&amp;rft.aulast=Hagan&amp;rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&amp;rft.au=Hagan%2C%26%2332%3BDomna+C.&amp;rft.au=Marvin+B.+Sussman&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B131&amp;rft.pub=Haworth+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-86656-726-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong><a href="/Benoit_Denizet-Lewis" title="Benoit Denizet-Lewis">Benoit
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong>
-<a href="/Benoit_Denizet-Lewis" title="Benoit Denizet-Lewis">Benoit
 Denizet-Lewis</a> (2001). "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050325090306/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=27" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Boy Crazy</a>," Boston
-Magazine.</li>
+Magazine.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Trembaly, Pierre. (2002)
+"Social interactions among paedophiles."</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mattei_23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_23-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Mattei, Monique; Ferraro, Eoghan Casey,
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Trembaly, Pierre. (2002)
-"Social interactions among paedophiles."</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Mattei_23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_23-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Mattei, Monique; Ferraro, Eoghan Casey,
 Michael McGrath (2004). <em>Investigating Child Exploitation and
 Pornography: The Internet, Law and Pornography</em>. Academic
 Press. pp.&nbsp;7–8,112–113. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--12-163105-2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Investigating+Child+Exploitation+and+Pornography%3A+The+Internet%2C+Law+and+Pornography&amp;rft.aulast=Mattei&amp;rft.aufirst=Monique&amp;rft.au=Mattei%2C%26%2332%3BMonique&amp;rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Eoghan+Casey%2C+Michael+McGrath&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%938%2C112%E2%80%93113&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-163105-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-12-163105-2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Investigating+Child+Exploitation+and+Pornography%3A+The+Internet%2C+Law+and+Pornography&amp;rft.aulast=Mattei&amp;rft.aufirst=Monique&amp;rft.au=Mattei%2C%26%2332%3BMonique&amp;rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Eoghan+Casey%2C+Michael+McGrath&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%938%2C112%E2%80%93113&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-163105-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Bocij_24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Bocij_24-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Bocij, Paul (2004). <em>Cyberstalking:
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Bocij_24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Bocij_24-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Bocij, Paul (2004). <em>Cyberstalking:
 Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family</em>.
 Greenwood Publishing. pp.&nbsp;160–176. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--275-98118-5.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cyberstalking%3A+Harassment+in+the+Internet+Age+and+How+to+Protect+Your+Family&amp;rft.aulast=Bocij&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Bocij%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B160%E2%80%93176&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-98118-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-275-98118-5.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cyberstalking%3A+Harassment+in+the+Internet+Age+and+How+to+Protect+Your+Family&amp;rft.aulast=Bocij&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Bocij%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B160%E2%80%93176&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-98118-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Clark_25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_25-0">^</a></strong><span class="citation book">Clark, Mathew D. (2002). <em>Obscenity, Child
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_Clark_25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_25-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation book">Clark, Mathew D. (2002). <em>Obscenity, Child
 Pornography and Indecency</em>. pp.&nbsp;74–76. <a href="/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>
--59033-396-9.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Obscenity%2C+Child+Pornography+and+Indecency&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathew+D.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C%26%2332%3BMathew+D.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B74%E2%80%9376&amp;rft.isbn=1-59033-396-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
+-59033-396-9.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Obscenity%2C+Child+Pornography+and+Indecency&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathew+D.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C%26%2332%3BMathew+D.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B74%E2%80%9376&amp;rft.isbn=1-59033-396-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></strong><a href="http://pnvd.nl/main.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit:
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://pnvd.nl/main.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit:
 Nieuws</a> (official website). "Vandaag, 31 mei, is de partij
-officieel opgericht." Accessed 31 May 2006. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>
+officieel opgericht." Accessed 31 May 2006. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></strong><span class="citation news"><a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Pedopartij haalt
+verkiezingen niet"</a>. <a href="/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a>. 2006-10-10<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pedopartij+haalt+verkiezingen+niet&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006-10-10&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNederlandse+Omroep+Stichting%7CNOS%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nos.nl%2Fnos%2Fartikelen%2F2006%2F10%2Fart000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_platform_28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-platform_28-0">^</a></strong><a href="http://pnvd.nl/prog_mei_2006.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit 2006
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></strong>
-<span class="citation news"><a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Pedopartij haalt
-verkiezingen niet"</a>. <a href="/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a>. 2006-10-10<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nos.nl/nos/artikelen/2006/10/art000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pedopartij+haalt+verkiezingen+niet&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006-10-10&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNederlandse+Omroep+Stichting%7CNOS%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nos.nl%2Fnos%2Fartikelen%2F2006%2F10%2Fart000001C6EBF08CBC0473.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Age_of_consent_reform">
-<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_platform_28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-platform_28-0">^</a></strong> <a href="http://pnvd.nl/prog_mei_2006.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit 2006
 Programma"</a> (2006 platform; official website). Accessed 31 May
-. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li>
+. <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Dutch)</span></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></strong>
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 Brongersma, Edward (1988). "Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern
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@@ Line 631: / Line 312: @@
 pädosexuelle Komplex ("On the topic of pedosexuality") (in German).
 Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 214. ISBN
--922257-66-6.</li>
+-922257-66-6.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></strong>
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 Foucault, Michel. Politics, Philosophy, Culture –Interviews and
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+London: 1988, Routledge, Pp. 272-273.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_waites_31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-waites_31-0">^</a></strong> Waites, Matthew. The
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+, 132-133, 220).</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></strong>
+WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., p.132).</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></strong>
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 /1, at Hall Carpenter Archive, British Library of Political and
-Economic Sciences, London.</li>
+Economic Sciences, London.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></strong>
+WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., pp. 132 and 243, Note 6.6)</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_35"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></strong>
-WAITES, Matthew (2005, op.cit., pp. 132 and 243, Note 6.6)</li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_35"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></strong>
 Gay News, no. 46, 9 May 1974, p.3 – 'CHE Report angers
-reformers'.</li>
+reformers'.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/cpgb/prog_demands.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Communist Party of Great
+Britain - Draft Programme</a></li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></strong>
-<a href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/documents/cpgb/prog_demands.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Communist Party of Great
-Britain - Draft Programme</a></li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></strong>
 Waites, Matthew (2005, p.135-136). The age of consent – Young
 people, Sexuality and Citizenship. New York/London: Palgrave
-MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2173-4. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3.</li>
+MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2173-4. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></strong>
 LEVINE, Judith. Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting
 Children from Sex, p. 88. Minneapolis: 2002. University of
-Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.</li>
+Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_39"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_39"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></strong>
 WAITES, Matthews. The age of consent – Young people, Sexuality and
 Citizenship, p. 221. New York: 2005. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN
--4039-2173-3.</li>
+-4039-2173-3.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></strong>
+LEVINE, Judith (op. cit.), p. 89.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></strong>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></strong>
-LEVINE, Judith (op. cit.), p. 89.</li>
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></strong>
 SAWYER, Miranda. Newspaper article – 'Sex is not Just for
 Grown-Ups', The Observer, 2 November 2003, Review section,
-pp.1-2.</li>
+pp.1-2.</li><li id="wikipedia_cite_note_42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></strong><a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M.
-<li id="wikipedia_cite_note_42"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></strong>
-<a href="/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M.
 Appel</a>, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/embracing-teenage-sexuali_b_409136.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Embracing Teenage Sexuality:
-Let's Rethink the Age of Consent</a>, Jan 1, 2009</li>
+Let's Rethink the Age of Consent</a>, Jan 1, 2009</li></ol><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Further_reading">Further
-</ol>
+reading</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.comm.umn.edu/Foucault/ppc.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">University of Minnesota –
-<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="wikipedia_Further_reading">Further
-reading</span></h2>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.comm.umn.edu/Foucault/ppc.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">University of Minnesota –
 Dept. of Communications Studies</a> – Detailed summary of the whole
 book "Politics, Philosophy, Culture", chapter by chapter, including
 a summary in 9 paragraphs of Chapter 16, "<em>Sexual Morality and
-the Law</em>".</li>
+the Law</em>".</li><li>HOLT, John. <em>Escape from Childhood – The Needs and Rights of
-<li>HOLT, John. <em>Escape from Childhood – The Needs and Rights of
 Children</em>. E.P. Dutton &amp; Co., Inc.: New York, 1974; Clarke,
 Irwin &amp; Company Ltd., Toronto/Vancouver, 1974. ISBN
--525-09955-7</li>
+-525-09955-7</li></ul>
-</ul>
+{|  class="navbox" style=";" cellspacing="0"
+|  style="padding:2px;" |
-<table class="navbox" style=";" cellspacing="0">
+{|  class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;" cellspacing="0"
-<tbody><tr>
+!  style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title" | <span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></span>
-<td style="padding:2px;">
+|-  style="height:2px;"
-<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;" cellspacing="0">
+|
-<tbody><tr>
+|-
-<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></span></th>
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a>
-</tr>
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> (<a href="/Laws_regarding_incest" title="Laws regarding incest">law</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation (interracial
+relations)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> (<a href="/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual
-<tr style="height:2px;">
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></td>
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> (<a href="/Laws_regarding_incest" title="Laws regarding incest">law</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation (interracial
-relations)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> (<a href="/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual
 orientation</a></div>
-</td>
+|-  style="height:2px"
-</tr>
+|
+|-
-<tr style="height:2px">
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Child" title="Child">Children</a>
-<td></td>
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child
-</tr>
+pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Prostitution_of_children" title="Prostitution of children">Prostitution of children</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex
+tourism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Child" title="Child">Children</a></td>
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child
-pornography</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Prostitution_of_children" title="Prostitution of children">Prostitution of children</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex
-tourism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child
 marriage</a></div>
-</td>
+|-  style="height:2px"
-</tr>
+|
+|-
-<tr style="height:2px">
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a>
-<td></td>
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a> (<a href="/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States">USA</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></td>
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a> (<a href="/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States">USA</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage
 pregnancy</a> (<a href="/Teenage_pregnancy_and_sexual_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom">Teenage
 pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/Global_incidence_of_teenage_pregnancy" title="Global incidence of teenage pregnancy">Global incidence of
-teenage pregnancy</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Virginity_pledge" title="Virginity pledge">Virginity
+teenage pregnancy</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Virginity_pledge" title="Virginity pledge">Virginity
 pledge</a></div>
-</td>
+|-  style="height:2px"
-</tr>
+|
+|-
-<tr style="height:2px">
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
-<td></td>
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></td>
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span>
-<a href="/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child
 sexual abuse</a> (<a href="/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child
-sexual abuse</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual
+sexual abuse</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual
 abuse</a></div>
-</td>
+|-  style="height:2px"
-</tr>
+|
+|-
-<tr style="height:2px">
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a>
-<td></td>
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><strong class="selflink">Age of consent reform</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of
-</tr>
+HIV</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory
+rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Zoosexuality_and_the_law" title="Zoosexuality and the law">Zoophilia</a></div>
-<tr>
+|-  style="height:2px"
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></td>
+|
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
+|-
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <strong class="selflink">Age of consent reform</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of
+|  class="navbox-group" style=";;" | <a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a>
-HIV</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory
+|  style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" | <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Ages of consent in Africa">Africa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Asia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Europe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Ages of consent in North America">North America</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Ages of consent in South America">South America</a></div>
-rape</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Zoosexuality_and_the_law" title="Zoosexuality and the law">Zoophilia</a></div>
+|-  style="height:2px;"
-</td>
+|
-</tr>
+|-
+|  class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2" | <a href="/List_of_topics_in_sexual_ethics" title="List of topics in sexual ethics">List of topics in sexual
-<tr style="height:2px">
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></td>
-<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
-<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Ages of consent in Africa">Africa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Asia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Europe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Ages of consent in North America">North America</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Ages of consent in South America">South America</a></div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr style="height:2px;">
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/List_of_topics_in_sexual_ethics" title="List of topics in sexual ethics">List of topics in sexual
 ethics</a>

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Pro-pedophile activism: Wikis

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Close-in-age exemptions

Initiatives to raise ages of consent

Kerala, India

Georgia, USA

Canada

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Pedophile advocacy groups

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