Eromenos: Difference between revisions
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[[Eromenos (dictionary)]] | |||
[[Image:Symposiumnorthwall.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Symposium]] scene — men reclining with their ''eromenoi'', and playing [[kottabos]]. From the [[Tomb of the Diver]], [[Paestum]]]] | |||
In the [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic tradition]] of [[Athens|Classical Athens]], the '''''eromenos''''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ἐρώμενος, pl. ἐρώμενοι, "eromenoi") was an [[adolescence|adolescent]] boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the ''[[erastes]]'' (ἐραστής). | |||
The term for the role often varied from one ''[[polis]]'' to another. In Athens, the ''eromenos'' was also known as the ''paidika;'' in Sparta they used ''aites'' (hearer), a term also used in [[Thessaly]];<ref>R. Burton, "Terminal Essay" N.12</ref> in Crete the boys were known as ''kleinos'' (glorious) and if they had fought in battle with their lover, as ''parastathenes'' (one who stands beside). | |||
[[:Category:Pederasty in ancient Greece]] | |||
The ideal ''eromenos'' - as well as his ''erastes'' - was expected to be ruled by the principles of ''enkrateia,'' or "self-mastery," which presumed an attitude of moderation and self-restraint in all matters. | |||
==Characteristics of the role== | |||
The youth was expected to put up resistance to the entreaties of the various ''erastai'' seeking to win his affection, in order to test their seriousness of purpose, and to choose the most deserving. As a result, in Attica, ''eromenoi'' were assiduously courted, and were the object of street fights and arguments among the young men vying for their affection.<ref>Aeschines, "Against Timarchos"</ref> Some of the ''eromenoi'' moved in with their lovers, with whom they lived for some period of time, usually until coming of age. Many ''erastes''/''eromenoi'' relations broke apart after the young partner became of age. Some stayed together as full time lovers, but not the majority. | |||
The Greeks recognized and valued that time in the life of a boy when he was considered to be ripe for loving; the Greek word used to describe such a boy was ''hôraios'', meaning "in season" or "in bloom".<ref>Xenophon, ''Memorabilia'' 1.3.8-14</ref> ''Eromenoi'' were generally males aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>Amy Richlin, "sexuality", in [[Oxford Classical Dictionary|''Oxford Classical Dictionary'']], 3rd ed., 1996, p. 1399.</ref> Though the ''eromenos'' was valued for his beauty, he was valued even more for his modesty, industriousness and courage. In [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', the character Aristophanes says that the ''eromenoi'' who "love men and enjoy lying with men and being embraced by men" are not shameless, but rather "the best of boys and lads, because they are the most manly in their nature" (191e-192a). (Though this may have been a view held by aristocratic Athenians of Plato and Aristophanes' type, the nature of Platonic dialogues makes it uncertain whether it was actually held by either Plato or Aristophanes themselves.) | |||
The ''eromenos'' was typically portrayed as undergoing [[pedagogy|pedagogical training]] and while he typically was also the object of affection and passion, he was not necessarily sexually engaged. When present, sexual expression is depicted in the iconography as having consisted primarily of fondling and [[intercrural sex]]. [[Anal sex]] appears to have been less common, yet frequent enough to be a topic of comedy, and of criticism based on the opinion that it was a practice which was shameful<ref>[[Aesop]], "Zeus and Shame" (Perry 109, Chambry 118, Gibbs 528), in ''Fables''</ref> and risked feminizing the boys who grew to like it. | |||
Upon reaching the age of maturity (ca. eighteen years), the ''eromenos'' would cut his long hair and become eligible for taking on the role of ''[[erastes]]'' and courting and winning an ''eromenos'' of his own. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} | |||
''Eromenos'' is traditionally translated into [[English language|English]] as "beloved", although this is not a perfect match for the concept. | |||
==Notes== | |||
<div class="references-small"> | |||
<references/> | |||
</div> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Athenian pederasty]] | |||
*[[Erastes]] | |||
*[[Mentoring]] | |||
*[[Pederasty in ancient Greece]] | |||
*[[Catamite]] | |||
[[Category:History of education]] | |||
[[Category:Pederasty in ancient Greece]] | |||
[[br:Eromenos]] | |||
[[de:Eromenos]] | |||
[[es:Erómeno]] | |||
[[fr:Éromène]] | |||
[[it:Eromenos]] | |||
[[he:ארומנוס]] | |||
[[pt:Eromenos]] | |||
[[sh:Eromenos]] | |||
[[sv:Eromenos]] | |||
Revision as of 01:11, 6 April 2015
In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos (Greek ἐρώμενος, pl. ἐρώμενοι, "eromenoi") was an adolescent boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the erastes (ἐραστής).
The term for the role often varied from one polis to another. In Athens, the eromenos was also known as the paidika; in Sparta they used aites (hearer), a term also used in Thessaly;[1] in Crete the boys were known as kleinos (glorious) and if they had fought in battle with their lover, as parastathenes (one who stands beside).
Category:Pederasty in ancient Greece
The ideal eromenos - as well as his erastes - was expected to be ruled by the principles of enkrateia, or "self-mastery," which presumed an attitude of moderation and self-restraint in all matters.
Characteristics of the role
The youth was expected to put up resistance to the entreaties of the various erastai seeking to win his affection, in order to test their seriousness of purpose, and to choose the most deserving. As a result, in Attica, eromenoi were assiduously courted, and were the object of street fights and arguments among the young men vying for their affection.[2] Some of the eromenoi moved in with their lovers, with whom they lived for some period of time, usually until coming of age. Many erastes/eromenoi relations broke apart after the young partner became of age. Some stayed together as full time lovers, but not the majority.
The Greeks recognized and valued that time in the life of a boy when he was considered to be ripe for loving; the Greek word used to describe such a boy was hôraios, meaning "in season" or "in bloom".[3] Eromenoi were generally males aged twelve to seventeen.[4] Though the eromenos was valued for his beauty, he was valued even more for his modesty, industriousness and courage. In Plato's Symposium, the character Aristophanes says that the eromenoi who "love men and enjoy lying with men and being embraced by men" are not shameless, but rather "the best of boys and lads, because they are the most manly in their nature" (191e-192a). (Though this may have been a view held by aristocratic Athenians of Plato and Aristophanes' type, the nature of Platonic dialogues makes it uncertain whether it was actually held by either Plato or Aristophanes themselves.)
The eromenos was typically portrayed as undergoing pedagogical training and while he typically was also the object of affection and passion, he was not necessarily sexually engaged. When present, sexual expression is depicted in the iconography as having consisted primarily of fondling and intercrural sex. Anal sex appears to have been less common, yet frequent enough to be a topic of comedy, and of criticism based on the opinion that it was a practice which was shameful[5] and risked feminizing the boys who grew to like it.
Upon reaching the age of maturity (ca. eighteen years), the eromenos would cut his long hair and become eligible for taking on the role of erastes and courting and winning an eromenos of his own. [Citation needed]
Eromenos is traditionally translated into English as "beloved", although this is not a perfect match for the concept.
